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THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 
OF  CALIFORNIA 

BEQUEST  OF 

Alice  R.  Hilgard 


EARTH 

SCIENCES 

LIBRARY 


AMERICAN 


MARINE  CONCHOLOGY: 


OR, 


DESCRIPTIONS  OF  THE  SHELLS 


ATLANTIC  COAST  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 

FROM  MAINE  TO  FLORIDA. 
BY 

GEOEGE  W.  TEYON,  JR., 

MEMBER  OP  THE  ACADEMY  OF  NATURAL  SCIENCES  OF  PHILADELPHIA. 


PHILADELPHIA: 

PUBLISHED  BY  THE  AUTHOR 

No.  19  NORTH  SIXTH  STREET. 


COLLINS,  PRINTER. 


T76' 


EARTH 
SCJENCES 

LIBRARY 


TO   THE 


MEMORY 


OP 


THOMAS  SAY,  AUGUSTUS  A.  GOULD, 


WILLIAM  STIMPSON. 


M857041 


1  The  Almighty  Maker  has  throughout 
Discriminated  each  from  each,  by  strokes 
And  touches  of  his  hand  with  so  much  art 
Diversified,  that  two  were  never  found 
Twins  at  all  points." 

COWPER. 

To  ask  or  search  I  blame  thee  not ;  for  Nature 
Is  as  the  book  of  God  before  thee  set, 
Wherein  to  read  his  wondrous  works. 
But  what  created  mind  can  comprehend 
Their  number,  or  the  wisdom  infinite 
That  brought  them  forth,  but  hid  their  causes  deep." 

MILTON. 

'  There  is  a  pleasure  in  the  pathless  woods, 
There  is  a  rapture  in  the  lonely  shore, 
There  is  society,  where  none  intrudes, 
By  the  deep  Sea,  and  music  in  its  roar ; 
I  love  not  Man  the  less,  but  Nature  more." 

BYRON. 


PEEFACE. 


IN  preparing  the  present  work,  it  was  my  purpose  to  furnish  to  Concho- 
logical  students  and  to  sea-shore  collectors  succinct  and  plain  descriptions, 
illustrated  by  characteristic  figures  of  the  American  Marine  Mollusks  in- 
habiting our  coast  from  Maine  to  Florida.  I  could  not  undertake,  within  the 
limits  of  a  single  volume,  to  give  a  complete  portraiture  of  each  species,  or 
to  present  its  entire  bibliography,  and  I  have  therefore  cultivated  brevity — 
I  hope  in  no  case  at  the  expense  of  lucidity. 

Following  the  plan  adopted  in  my  previous  memoirs  on  American  Con- 
chology  I  have  prepared  copious  analytical  tables  of  families,  genera,  and 
species,  presenting  their  prominent  distinctive  characters  at  a  glance,  and 
thus  greatly  facilitating  their  correct  determination.  In  my  classification  I 
have  not  always  followed  the  most  approved  modern  systematists,  simply 
because  it  appeared  to  me  to  be  very  unnecessary  in  a  work  of  such  partial 
character  as  the  present  one  to  introduce  a  host  of  systematic  divisions,  where 
an  older,  more  simple,  and  more  generally  comprehensible  method  would  sub- 
serve my  purpose.  . 

Space  could  not  be  found  for  full  notes  of  the  habits  of  all  of  our  species 
heretofore  observed,  but  I  think  that  I  have  described  a  sufficient  number  of 
them  to  give  the  reader  a  reasonably  good  idea  of  their  appearance,  mode  of 
life,  etc.,  and  to  incite  collectors  to  observe  and  to  study  the  living  specimens. 
The  limits  of  bathymetrical  as  well  as  of  geographical  distribution  of  the 
species  have  been  carefully  stated,  and  collectors  may  expect  their  occurrence 
in  suitable  situations  at  all  intermediate  localities  and  depths. 

With  regard  to  the  geographical  limits  which  I  have  assigned  to  my  work, 
I  would  explain  that,  northward  of  the  Canadian  waters,  the  coast  has  not 
been  sufficiently  explored  to  lead  to  the  conjecture  that  we  have  been  made 
acquainted  with  the  moiety  of  its  species ;  moreover  it  is  very  unlikely  that 


VI  PREFACE. 

collectors  will  be  supplied  with  many  of  these  Arctic  species.  Of  those 
known  to  science  a  considerable  portion  extend  southwards  to  Cape  Cod,  and 
are  consequently  herein  described.  Our  southern  limit,  on  the  other  hand, 
will  include  a  considerable  number  of  tropical  forms  which,  dispersed  and 
protected  by  the  warmth  of  the  Gulf  Stream,  have  spread  to  various  por- 
tions of  our  southern  coast.  I  could  not  extend  my  limits  southward  to  the 
southern  coast  of  Florida  or  that  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  without  including 
the  great  West  Indian  province,  which  would  have  enlarged  my  work  to  five 
or  six  times  its  present  bulk. ,  This  portion  of  our  marine  molluscous  fauna, 
like  that  of  our  Pacific  coast,  may  be  advantageously  presented  in  separate 
treatises. 

It  gives  me  great  pleasure  to  acknowledge  my  obligations  to  many  friends 
for  their  active  interest  in  my  work  ;  I  am  particularly  indebted  to  Mr.  JOHN 
H.  THOMSON,  of  New  Bedford,  Mass.,  and  Dr.  H.  C.  YARROW,  of  Fort 
Macon,  N.  C.,  for  extensive  collections  from  localities  rich  in  species.  I 
have  dedicated  my  work  to  the  memory  of  the  three  deeply  lamented  natu- 
ralists to  whom  we  are  principally  indebted  for  our  knowledge  of  American 
Marine  Mollusca.  Two  of  them,  Dr.  GOULD  and  Dr.  STIMPSON,  were  per- 
sonal friends,  and  from  the  time  when  they  fostered  my  first  efforts  in  natural 
science  almost  to  the  period  of  their  deaths  I  never  applied  to  them  in  vain 
for  assistance  and  advice  in  my  Conchological  studies. 

The  generic  and  specific  descriptions  used  in  this  book  are  principally 
copied  from  "  Woodward's  Manual  of  the  Mollusca,"  Adams'  "  Genera  of 
Recent  Mollusca,"  De  Kay's  "  Mollusca  of  New  York,"  Gould's  "  Inverte- 
brata  of  Massachusetts,"  and  from  the  original  diagnoses  of  Say,  Adams, 
Mighels,  Stimpson,  and  others.  I  think  that  it  is  unnecessary  to  make  any 
apology  for  using  so  extensively  the  language  of  other  writers  in  preference 
to  preparing  original  descriptions — the  latter  course  I  have  adopted  when- 
ever I  believed  that  I  could  improve  or  correct  the  original  description.  T 
trust  that  this  general  acknowledgment  will  save  me  from  the  reproach  of 
egotism  in  avoiding  the  use  of  cumbersome  and  unsightly  quotation  marks. 

Upon  the  completion  of  each  of  my  former  volumes  I  have  promised 
myself  that  it  should  be  my  last  book ;  that  pledge  I  am  again  impelled  to 
violate.  Those  alone,  who  labor  in  a  similar  field,  can  understand  how  im- 
peratively science  requires  her  votaries  to  publish  her  truths  for  the  instruc- 
tion of  the  world. 

GEO.  W.  TBYON,  JR. 

JANUARY  1, 1873. 


MARINE  MOLLUSCA  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


CLASS  CEPHALOPODA. 

HEAD  large,  separate  from  the  body ;  eyes  large,  complex,  lateral: 
ears  developed;  mouth  armed  with  two  horny  or  shelly  jaws  edged 
with  fleshy  lips,  surrounded  by  eight  or  ten  fleshy  arms  and  fur- 
nished with  an  entire  or  slit  tube  or  siphuncle.  Body  ovate,  round- 
ish or  cylindrical,  open  in  front,  containing  the  viscera  and  one 
or  two  pairs  of  internal  symmetrical  gills ;  naked ;  surrounded  by 
a  thin  shell  with  a  single  cavity ;  or  partly  or  entirely  contained 
in  the  last  chamber  of  a  chambered  shell  furnished  with  a  siphon 
passing  from  chamber  to  chamber.  Unisexual.  Animal  free, 
walking  head  downwards  by  means  of  its  arms,  or  swimming  in 
the  sea,  propelled  by  the  water  from  the  siphon  tube. 

ORDER  OCTOPODA. — Body  naked ;  head  separate,  with  eight 
fleshy  arms,  furnished  with  sessile  cups  or  suckers,  without  any 
horny  rings  ;  eyes  fixed  in  the  skin.  Siphuncle  entire  ;  gills  two. 
No  internal  or  external  shell. 

ORDER  DECAPODA. — Body  naked ;  head  separate,  with  ten  fleshy 
arms,  two  of  them  longer,  furnished  with  pedunculated  cups  or 
suckers,  with  horny  rings ;  eyes  free  in  their  orbits.  Siphuncle 
entire ;  gills  two.  Having  an  internal  shell  or  pen. 

ORDER  OCTOPODA. 

Family  OCTOPODID^E. 

Arms  subulate.  Mantle  supported  by  fleshy  bands.  No  cephalic 
aquiferous  apertures. 

In  the  genera  comprising  this  family  the  arms  are  similar, 
elongated,  and  united  at  the  base  by  a  web.  The  animal  is  chiefly 
littoral,  inhabiting  the  temperate  and  tropical  zones.  It  escapes 


8  AMERICAN   MARINE   CONCHOLOGY. 

capture  by  varying  its  tints  according  to  the  nature  of  the  ground 
over  which  it  passes,  and  eludes  its  enemies,  when  pursued,  by 
discoloring  the  water  around  it  with  the  contents  of  its  ink-bag. 

Synopsis  of  Genera. 

Arms  with  two  rows  of  cups.     Body  round,  without  fins.          OCTOPUS. 
Arms  with  one  row  of  cups,  bearded  and  united  by  a  broad  web.     Body 
finned.  CIKBHOTEUTHIS. 

Genus  OCTOPUS,  Cuvier. 
Regne  Animal,  ii.     1817. 

1.  0.  RUGOSUS,  Bosc.     Fig.  1. 

Act.  de  la  Soc.  d'Hist.  Nat.,  t.  15,  f.  1,  2.     1792. 
Sepia  granulosa,  Bosc.  Buff.,  Vers.  i.  47.     1802. 
Sepia  granulatus,  Lamarck,  Mem.  Soc.  Hist.  Nat.,  i.  p.  2.     1799. 
Octopus  Barkeri,  Ferussac,  Orb.  Sal.  Ceph.  54,  No.  3.     1826. 
Octopus  Americanus,  Blainville,  Diet.  Sc.  Nat.  xliii.  185.     1826. 

Body  oval,  purse-shaped, large,  with  a  deep  groove  above.  Head, 
arms,  and  upper  part  of  the  body  covered  with  roundish  tuber- 
cles. Head  short,  warty;  ocular  beard,  one,  elongated.  Arms 
short,  thick,  conical,  their  proportional  lengths  4,  3,  2,  1.  Cups 
large,  of  upper  part  of  arm  rather  smaller,  lowest  one-rowed.  Web 
short.  When  alive,  violet-brown,  white  beneath  ;  side  of  the  arms 
netted  with  brown  lines. 

North  Carolina  to  South  America  ;  also  Indian  Ocean.  ? 

Genus  CIEEHOTETJTHIS,  Eschricht. 
Nov.  Act.  Nat.  Cur.,  xviii.  625.     1836-8. 

1.  C.  MULLERI,  Eschricht.     Fig.  2. 

Nov.  Act.  Nat.  Cur.,  xviii.     1836-8. 

Body  smooth,  oblong,  three-lobed.  Fins  longer  than  broad, 
blunt,  depressed.  Eyes  very  small.  Arms  equal,  quadrangular. 
Cups  very  small,  oval,  about  thirty ;  beards  between  the  cups  fili- 
form. 

Arctic  America. 

ORDER  DEC  APOD  A. 
*  Shell  internal,  solid,  horny. 

Family  LOLIGOPSID^E.     Eyes  naked.    Mantle  supported  by  two 
internal  fleshy  bands.     Siphuncle  simple.     Fins  semicircular. 
Family  ONYCHOTEUTHID^E.     Eyes  naked,  with  a  sinus  above. 


MARINE   MOLLUSCA   OF   THE   UNITED    STATES.  9 

Mantle  furnished  with  three  internal  cartilages,  one  dorsal  and 
two  ventral.     Siphuncle  with  a  valve.     Fins  angular. 

Family  LOLIGINID^E.  Eyes  covered  with  skin,  simple.  Mantle 
with  three  internal  cartilages,  one  dorsal  and  two  ventral. 

*  Shell  internal,  calcareous,  spiral,  chambered,  siphunculated. 

Family  SPIRULID^-E.  Eyes  covered  with  the  skin,  with  a  lower 
eyelid.  Mantle  free  all  around. 

Family  LOLIGOPSHXE. 

The  members  of  this  family  have  the  eyes  pedunculated  and 
not  covered  by  a  skin ;  the  fins  are  caudal,  terminal,  and  semi- 
circular ;  the  body  is  membranaceous,  semipellucid,  elongate,  and 
tapering  behind.  They  inhabit  the  high  seas,  and  are  powerful 
swimmers. 

Genus  LOLIGOPSIS,  Lamarck. 
Extr.  de  Cours.     1812. 

Leachia,  Lesueur,  Journ.  Philad.  Acad.,  ii.  89.    1821. 

Body  very  long,  conical,  attenuated.  Shell  flexible,  slender, 
keeled  above;  very  narrow,  lanceolate,  thickened  at  the  tip. 

1.  L.  PAVO,  Lesueur.     Fig.  3. 

(Loligo.)     Journ.  Philad.  Acad.,  ii.  9.6.     1821. 

Body  smooth,  spotted  with  red.  Fins  terminal,  short,  soft, 
narrow,  outline  together  heart-shaped,  not  notched  in  front.  Ses- 
sile arms  slender,  short,  three  upper  pairs  rounded.  Cups  much 
depressed,  broad,  oblique ;  rings  smooth  exteriorly,  inner  edge 
divided  into  square  teeth.  Tentacular  arms  slender.  Shell  elon- 
gate, very  .thin,  nearly  gelatinous,  attenuated  anteriorly,  lanceo- 
late posteriorly. 

Arctic  Seas,  New  England,  New  York,  Madeira. 

Family  ONYCHOTEUTHID^E. 

Synopsis  of  Genera. 

*  Tentacular  Arms  with  Hooks.     Sessile  Arms  with  Cups  and  Rings. 
Club  of  tentacular  arm  with  hooks.     Shell  lanceolate,  pennate,  sides  thin. 

ONYCHOTEUTHIS. 

Club  of  tentacular  arm  with  hooks  on  the  centre,  and  with  two  rows  of 

small  cups  on  each  side.     Shell  lanceolate,  pennate.  ONYCHIA. 

*  Tentacular  and  sessile  arms  with  cups  and  horny  rings. 


10  AMERICAN   MARINE   CONCHOLOGY. 

Fins  rhombic,  posterior,  caudal.     Internal  cartilage  of  mantle  dilated  below. 
Shell  narrow,  dilated  in  front  with  one  central  and  two  marginal  ribs. 

OMMASTREPHES. 

Genus  ONYCHOTEUTHIS,  Lichtenstein. 
Berl.  Acad.     1818. 

,Body  elongate,  subcylindrical,  smooth,  acuminated  behind. 
Mantle  with  an  elongated,  narrow,  prominent,  longitudinal  ridge, 
fitting  into  a  similar  groove  on  the  base  of  the  siphuncle.  Head 
large,  rather  depressed,  with  three  to  eleven  longitudinal  ridges, 
and  edged  behind  by  a  transverse  ridge.  Eyes  large,  lateral;  ses- 
sile arms  angular ;  third  or  fourth  pair  with  a  keel  or  fin ;  cups  in 
two  alternating  lines ;  rings  convex  and  toothless.  Tentacular 
arms  partly  retractile,  strong ;  club  enlarged,  with  a  rounded 
group  of  small  sessile  cups  at  each  end,  and  two  series  of  claw- 
like  hooks,  the  outer  series  largest.  Siphuncle  very  short,  lodged 
in  a  cavity,  with  two  superior  muscular  bands. 

1.  0.  BANKSII,  Leach.    Fig.  4. 

(Loligo.)     Zool.  Miscel.,  iii.  141,  sp.  4.     1817. 

Onychoteuthis  Bergii,  Licbtenstein,  Zool.  Mus.  Berlin,  1592, 1. 19,  f.  a.  1818. 

Sepia  loligo,  Fabricius,  Faun.  Grcenl.  359. 

Onychoteuthis  Fabricii,  Lichtenstein,  Isis.  t.  19.     1818. 

OnyJca  angulata,  Lesueur,  Journ.  Philad.  Acad.,  ii.  99,  t.  9,  f.  3,  184  ;  ii. 

296,  fig.    1822. 

Loligo  felina,  Blainv.  Diet.  Sc.  Nat.;  xxvii.  139.     1823. 
Onychoteuthis  Molina,  Leach,  Berl.  Trans.,  t.  4.     1818. 
Loligo  uncinatus,  Quoy  &  Gaimard,  Zool.  Uranie,  i.  410,  t.  66,  f.  7.     1838. 
Onychoteuthis  Lessonii,  Fer.  Orb.  Ceph.  61»,  No.  6.     1825. 
Onychoteuthis  Fleurii,  Renaud.  Lesson,  Centurie  Zool.  61,  t.  17. 

Head,  with  eleven  longitudinal,  small,  prominent  ridges.  Fins 
rhomboidal.  Sessile  arms  unequal,  in  length,  2,  3,  4,  1.  Cups 
pear-shaped.  Tentacular  arms  very  extensile,  with  double  series 
of  hooks ;  the  basal  group  consisting  of  seven  or  eight  open,  and 
the  same  number  of  closed  cups.  The  special  group  of  sixteen  or 
seventeen  cups  all  open  ;  hooks  twenty  to  twenty-two,  in  two  rows, 
those  of  the  outer  row  largest. 

Arctic  Seas  to  West  Indies,  Africa,  Indian  Ocean. 

2.  0.  BARTLINGII,  Lesueur.    Fig.  5. 

(Loligo.)     Journ.  Philad.  Acad.,  ii.  95,  fig.     1821. 
Onychoteuthis  Lesueurii,  Ferussac,  Cepli.  Acet.,  t.  4. 


MARINE    MOLLUSCA   OF   THE    UNITED    STATES.  11 

Body  elongate ;  back  with  a  central,  transparent  line  over  the 
keel  of  the  shell.  Fins  rhombic.  Sessile  arms  slender ;  dorsal 
pair  rounded  externally,  with  a  slight  fin  on  the  upper  part ;  the 
second,  third,  and  fourth  pairs  finned  on  the  outer  side  nearly  the 
whole  length.  Tentacular  arms  with  six  large  hooks.  Shell  dark- 
brown,  lanceolate,  pennate,  with  a  short  central  keel  above  and 
ridge  beneath,  thin.  » 

Gulf  Stream,  Indian  Ocean,  New  Zealand. 

Genus  ONYCHIA,  Lesueur. 
Journ.  Pliilad.  Acad.,  i.  98,  1821  ;  ii.  296,  1822. 

In  this  genus  the  body  is  red  and  spotted ;  the  tentacular  arms 
scarcely  enlarged  at  the  ends.  Like  most  other  genera  of  this 
family,  and  other  pelagic  forms,  it  is  crepuscular,  darting  along 
the  surface  of  the  ocean  toward  nightfall,  and  preying  upon  small 
fishes,  floating  Crustacea  and  acalephse  that  swim  near  the  surface. 

1.  0.  CARDIOPTERA,  Pe'ron.     Fig.  6. 

(Loligo.)    Toy.  Atlas,  t.  60,  f.  5.     1804. 

Sepiola  cardioptera,  Lesueur,  Journ.  Pliilad.  Acad.,  ii.  100.     1821. 
OnycMa  caribaa,  Lesueur,  ibid.,  ii.  98,  t.  9,  f.  1,  2.     1821. 
Onychoteuthis  LeacMi,  Ferussac,  Cepli.  Acet.  Onych.,  t.  5,  f.  4,  7. 

Body  large,  oblong,  narrowed  and  prolonged  behind.  Sessile 
arms  unequal,  relative  lengths  3,  2,  4,  1 ;  cups  in  two  alternating 
lines.  Shell  rather  broad,  sides  rounded. 

Southern  Atlantic  Ocean  ;  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

Genus  OMMASTKEPHES,  Orbigny. 
Moll.  Viv.  et  Fos.,  i.  412.     1845. 

In  this  genus  the  sessile  arms  are  conical,  subulate,  upper  and 
lower  quadrangular,  the  others  triangular,  compressed,  unequal ; 
relative  lengths  3,  2,  1,4;  the  cups  are  very  oblique,  flesl^,  dis- 
tinct ;  the  rings  oblique  and  toothed.  Tentacular  arms  not  re- 
tractile, short,  strong,  thick,  with  a  slight  longitudinal  ridge, 
scarcely  enlarged  at  the  end,  webbed  at  the  tip. 

Living  in  the  high  seas  in  large  troops,  nocturnal ;  the  food  of 
cetacea  and  pelagic  birds.  The  sailors  call  them  "  sea-arrows"  or 
"  flying-squids,"  from  their  habit  of  leaping  out  of  the  water,  often 
to  such  a  height  as  to  fall  on  the  decks  of  vessels. 


12  AMERICAN   MARINE   CONCHOLOGY. 

1.  0.  SAGITTATUS,  Lamarck.     Fig.  T. 

(Loligo.)     Mem.  Soc.  Hist.  Nat.,  Paris,  xiii.     1799. 
Loligo  illecebrosa,  Lesueur,  Journ.  Philad.  Acad.,  ii.  95,  plate.     1821. 
Loligo  harpago,  Ferussac,  Diet.  Class.  Hist.  Nat.,  iii.  67.     1833. 
Loligo  Brongniartii,  Blainv.,  Diet.  Sc.  Nat.,  xxvii.  142.     1823. 
Loligo  piscatorum,  La  Pylaie,  Ann.  Sc.  Nat.,  iv.  319.     1825. 
Loligo  Coindetii,  Verany,  Mem.  Acad.  Sc.  Torino,  t.  1,  f.  4.     1837. 

0 

Head  large.  Body  elongate,  cylindrical,  opaque,  fleshy,  smooth 
above  and  below.  Tentacular  arms  with  eight  rows  of  numerous 
small  cups  at  the  extremities.  Shell  narrow,  elongate;  lateral 
ribs  largest ;  apical  cone  large. 

This  beautiful  animal  is  occasionally  seen  on  all  parts  of  the 
shore  of  Massachusetts.  But  it  is  especially  abundant  about 
sandy  shores,  as  at  Cape  Cod.  At  Provincetown  I  have  seen  them 
stranded  upon  the  beach  at  low  tide,  in  great  multitudes.  Their 
usual  mode  of  swimming  is  by  dilating  their  sack-shaped  body 
and  filling  it  with  water.  The  body  is  then  suddenly  contracted 
and  the  water  forcibly  ejected,  so  as  to  propel  them  backwards 
with  great  rapidity.  So  swift  and  straight  is  their  progress  that 
they  look  like  arrows  shooting  through  the  water.  Whenever 
they  strike  the  shore  they  commence  pumping  the  water  with  in- 
creased violence,  while  every  effort  only  tends  to  throw  them  still 
further  upon  the  sand,  until  they  are  left  high  and  dry.  The  body 
is  beautifully  spotted  with  colors,  which  seem  to  vary  with  the 
emotions  of  the  animal.  At  one  moment  they  are  a  vivid  red,  at 
the  next  a  deep  blue,  violet,  brown,  or  orange.  They  devour  im- 
mense numbers  of  small  fish,  and  it  is  amusing  to  watch  their 
movements  and  see  how,  at  a  distance  of  several  feet,  they  will 
poise  themselves,  and  in  an  instant,  with  the  rapidity  of  lightning, 
the  prey  is  seized  in  their  long  arms  and  instantaneously  swal- 
lowed. They,  in  their  turn,  are  devoured  by  the  larger  fishes,  and 
are  extensively  used  for  bait  in  the  cod-fishery.  (Gould,  Invert. 
Mass.) 

Atlantic  Ocean  from  Newfoundland  southwards  ;  Mediterranean. 

2.  0.  BARTRAMII,  Lesueur.    Fig.  8. 

(Loligo.)    Journ.  Philad.  Acad.,  ii.  90,  t.  7.     1821. 
Loligo  sagittatus,  Blainv.,  Diet.  Sc.  Nat.,  xxvii.  140.     1823. 
Loligo  vitreus,  Bang,  Mag.  Zool.  71,  t.  36.     1837. 
Ommastreplies  cylindricus.  Orb.  Voy.  Am.  Merid.  54,  t.  3,  f.  3,  4. 


MARINE    MOLLUSCA   OF    THE   UNITED    STATES.  13 

Head  short.  Body  elongate,  cylindrical,  acuminate  posteriorly, 
truncated  anteriorly,  longitudinally  adorned  above  with  a  violet 
zone.  Tentacular  arms  with  tivo  series  of  small  cups  at  the  ex- 
tremities. The  second  and  third  pairs  of  sessile  arms  with  a 
broad  membranaceous  fin  on  the  inner  edge  of  the  ventral  side. 
Shell  thin,  elongated. 

Atlantic  Ocean,  Mediterranean,  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 


Family 

The  eyes  are  covered  by  the  skin,  without  lids.  Sessile  arms 
with  two  rows  of  cups.  Rings  not  convex  externally,  provided 
with  a  narrow,  prominent  edge  on  the  middle  of  their  width. 
Tentacular  arms  only  partly  contractile. 

Synopsis  of  Genera. 

Head  separate  from  the  body.     Fin  terminal,  rhombic. 

Cups  of  sessile  arms  in  two  rows  ;  lateral  membranes  with  cups  on  the 

angles.     Shell  as  long  as  the  back.  LOLIGO. 

Head  attached  to  back  of  mantle  by  a  band.     Fins  short,  dorsal,  not  ter- 

minal.   Shell  narrow,  with  a  central  and  two  marginal  ribs.     SEPIOLA. 

Genus  LOLIGO,  Lamarck. 
Mem.  Soc.  Hist.  Nat.     1799. 

These  animals  pursue  their  prey  on  the  bosom  of  the  ocean, 
swimming  with  great  rapidity  ;  fish  and  pelagic  crustaceans, 
ianthinse  and  other  oceanic  mollusca,  constitute  their  food  ;  many 
individuals  frequently  unite  and  hunt  in  companies  ;  their  favorite 
•time  for  scouring  the  surface  being  the"  evening  after  sunset.  It 
is  the  favorite  food  of  the  cod,  and  with  it  one-half  of  all  the  cod 
taken  at  Newfoundland  is  caught.  When  the  European  species, 
L.  magna,  approaches  the  coast  in  vast  shoals,  five  hundred  sail 
of  English  and  French  ships  engage  in  the  fishery  for  bait. 
During  violent  gales  hundreds  of  tons  of  them  are  often  thrown 
up  together  in  beds  on  the  English  coast.  There  are  numerous 
species,  inhabiting  all  seas. 

1.  L.  BREVIS,  Blainville.     Fig.  9. 

Journ.  de  Phys.     1823. 
Loligo  brevipinna,  Lesueur,  Journ.  Philad.  Acad.,  iii.  282,  t.  10,  f.  1-3. 

1824. 


14  AMERICAN   MARINE    CONCHOLOGY. 

Body  cylindrical,  obtuse  posteriorly.  Fins  short,  transversely 
oval.  Shell  dilated,  very  broad,  central  keeled,  narrow  in  front. 

Delaware  Bay  (Lesueur),  Fort  Macon,  North  Carolina; 

Southern  Atlantic  Ocean  to  Brazil. 

2.  L.  PUNCTATA,  De  Kay.     Figs.  10,  11. 

Moll.,  New  York,  3,  t.  1,  f.  1.     1843. 

Body  cylindrical,  thick,  somewhat  tapering  posteriorly.  Fins 
broadly  rhomboidal,  nearly  half  the  length  of  the  body.  Cups 
irregularly  placed,  numerous. 

This  beautiful  squid  is  nearly  allied  to  the  L.  Pealiiof  Lesueur, 
but  this  latter  has  the  suckers  arranged  in  two  regular  series.  It 
has  also  a  membrane  along  the  lateral  edges  of  the  arms,  and  an 
acute  termination  of  the  caudal  extremit}^. 

Fig.  11  represents  a  bunch  of  egg-cases  and  an  embryo,  highly 

magnified.     (Copied  from  De  Kay.) 

New  York;  Connecticut. 

3.  L.  PEALII,  Lesueur.     Fig.  12. 

Journ.  Plrilad.  Acad.,  ii.  92,  t.  8,  f.  1,  2.     1821. 

Body  elongate,  subconical,  acuminated  posteriorly.  Fins  rhom- 
boidal, thick,  occupying  about  three-fifths  of  the  length.  Sessile 
arms  long ;  cups  very  oblique,  in  two  rows.  Shell  lanceolate, 

narrow. 

Entire  Atlantic  Coast. 

Genus  SEPIOLA,  Rondelet. 
Piscis  et  Aquat.,  i.  510.     1554. 

The  body  in  this  genus  is  round  and  purse-like,  and  the  short 
dorsal  fins  are  rounded  and  contracted  at  the  base.  Distribution 
universal. 

1.  S.  ATLANTICA,  Orb.  et  Ferussac.    Fig.  13. 

Cephal.  Apet.,  235,  t.  4,  f.  1-12.     1839.  ' 
Sepiola  vulgaris,  Gervais  &  Van  Beneden,  Bull.  Acad.  Bruxelles,  iv.  No.  7. 

1849. 
Sepiola  oceanica,  Orb.  Moll.  Viv.  et  Foss,  t.  10,  f.  13.     1845. 

Fins  oval,  far  apart.  Sessile  arms  short,  unequal,  with  two 
rows  of  cups;  the  lower  pair  with  eight  rows  of  smaller  cups  at 
the  tip;  proportionate  lengths  3,  2,  4,  1;  cups  small,  oblique,  in 
two  series;  lateral  arms  larger.  Tentacular  arms  long.  Shell 
linear,  narrow,  gradually  enlarged  upwards  and  spathnlate  behind 
the  tip  ;  sides  thickened. 

Atlantic  Ocean. 


MARINE   MOLLUSCA    OF   THE   UNITED    STATES.  15 

Family  &PIRULIDJ3. 

This  family  differs  from  those  preceding  it  in  having  a  calca- 
reous spirally  coiled  and  concamerated  shell.  There  is  but  one 
recent  genus,  Spirula,  and  only  one  species. 

Genus  SPIETJLA.,  Lamarck. 
Extr.  de  Cours.     1799. 

1.  S.  PERONII,  Lamarck.     Figs.  14,  15. 

Anim.  sans  Vert.,  vii.  601.     1822. 
Spirula  fragilis,  Stimpson,  Check  List,  6.     1860. 

Shell  white,  nacreous,  coiled  in  two  or  three  turns,  which  do  not 
touch  each  other,  something  like  a  ram's  horn.  The  surface  ex- 
hibits constrictions,  at  short  intervals,  each  of  which  corresponds 
to  an  internal  partition,  so  that  the  whole  shell  is  divided  off  into 
chambers,  having  a  tube  at  one  side,  so  that  the  whole  are  in  com- 
munication. Inhabits  the  open  sea  all  over  the  world,  and  is  cast 
upon  the  shores  during  storms. 

CLASS  GASTEROPODA. 

Head  distinct,  furnished  with  eyes  and  tentacles.  Body  usually 
protected  by  a  conical  or  spiral  shell.  Lower  part  of  body  formed 
into  a  thickened,  expanded,  creeping  disk  or  foot. 

ORDER  I.  PROSOBRANCHIATA. 

Animal  creeping  or  swimming,  protected  by  a  shell  usually  large 
enough  to  contain  it.  Branchiae  plume-like,  situated  in  advanll  of 
the  heart.  Sexes  distinct. 

A.  Siphonostomata.     Animal  provided  with  a  siphon  and  having 
a  canaliculated  shell.     Carnivorous.     The  shell  is  spiral,  and  its 
axis  is  usually  imperforate.     Operculum  lamellar,  horny. 

B.  ffolostomata.     Respiratory  siphon  wanting,  or  represented 
by  a  mere  lobe  in  the  collar  of  the  mantle.     Shell  spiral  or  limpet- 
shaped,  generally  somewhat  globular,  and  with  an  entire  rounded 
aperture.     The  gills  are  plume-like,  placed  obliquely  across  the 
back,  or  attached  to  the  right  side  of  the  neck.     These  mollusks 
inhabit  the  sea  or  fresh  water,  and  all  of  the  latter,  as  well  as  a 
portion  of  the  former,  are  phytophagous. 


16  AMERICAN   MARINE   CONCHOLOGY.  f 

ORDER  II.  PULMONIFERA. 

Lung  breathers.    Land  and  fresh-water  snails. 

ORDER  III.  OPISTHOBRANCHIATA. 

Shell  rudimentary  or  wanting.  Branchiae  arborescent,  not  pro- 
tected, but  more  or  less  completely  exposed,  on  the  back  or  sides 
of  the  body  near  the  rear  end.  Sexes  united. 

A  few  species,  Bulla  for  example,  have  a  shell  enveloped  in  the 
mantle. 

ORDER  IY.  PTEROPODA. 

Marine  animals  swimming  by  the  aid  of  a  pair  of  wing-like  fins 
proceeding  from  the  sides  of  the  mouth  or  neck.  Shell  glossy 
and  translucent.  Sexes  united.  Pelagic. 

ORDER  I.  PROSOBRANCHIATA. 

Section  A.  SIPHONOSTOMATA. 

Carnivorous  Gasteropoda.  Shell  spiral,  axis  usually  imper- 
forate  ;  aperture  notched  or  produced  into  a  canal  in  front.  Oper- 
culum  horny,  lamellar. 

*  Lip  of  aperture  expanded. 

Family  STROMBID^.  Shell  with  an  expanded  lip,  deeply  notched 
near  the  canal.  Operculum  claw-shaped,  serrated  on  the  outer 
edge. 

**  Lip  of  aperture  not  expanded. 

Family  MURICID^E.  Shell  with  a  straight  anterior  canal ;  aper- 
ture entire  behind. 

Family  BUCCINID^I.  Shell  simply  notched  in  front ;  or  with  a 
short  canal  abruptly  reflected,  producing  a  kind  of  varix  on  the 
front  of  the  shell. 

Family  CONID^.  Shell  inversely  conical  or  subfusiform ;  aper- 
ture long  and  narrow;  outer  lip  notched  at  or  near  the  suture. 
Columella  without  plaits. 

Family  YOLUTID^.  Shell  porcellanous,  turreted  or  convolute  ; 
aperture  notched  in  front ;  columella  obliquely  plaited. 

Family  CYPR^Enxas.  Shell  porcellanous,  convolute ;  spire  con- 
cealed ;  aperture  as  long  as  the  shell,  narrow,  channelled  at  each 
end ;  outer  lip  of  adult  thickened,  inflected. 


MARINE    MOLLUSCA    OF   THE   UNITED   STATES.  17 

Family  STROMBID^E. 

Animal  furnished  with  large  eyes,  placed  on  thick  pedicels  ; 
tentacles  slender,  rising  from  the  middle  of  the  eye-pedicels.  Foot 
narrow,  ill-adapted  for  creeping. 

The  strombs  are  carrion-feeders,  and  for  molluscous  animals, 
very  active ;  they  progress  by  a  sort  of  leaping  movement,  turn- 
ing their  heavy  shells  from  side  to  side.  Their  eyes  are  more 
perfect  than  those  of  the  other  gasteropods,  or  of  many  fishes. 

Genus  STBOMBUS,  Linn. 
Syst.  Nat.,  edit.  ii.  64.     1740. 

Shell  rather  ventricose,  tubercular  or  spiny ;  spire  short ;  aper- 
ture long,  with  a  short  canal  above  and  truncated  below ;  outer 
lip  expanded,  lobed  above,  and  sinuated  near  the  notch  of  the 
anterior  canal. 

The  fountain-shell  of  the  West  Indies,  S.  gigas,  L.,  is  one  of 
the  largest  living  gasteropods,  weighing  sometimes  four  or  five 
pounds.  Immense  quantities  of  it  are  annually  used  for  the  manu- 
facture of  cameos,  and  for  the  porcelain  works;  300,000  were 
brought  to  Liverpool  from  the  Bahamas  in  one  year.  There  are 
about  seventy -five  species ;  inhabiting  all  tropical  seas. 

1.  S.  ALATUS,  Gmelin.     Fig.  16. 

Syst.  Nat.  3513.     1790. 
Strombus  pyrulatus,  Lamarck,  Anim.  s.  Vert.  vii.  205.     1822. 

Shell  ovately  conical,  rather  stout,  spire  acuminated,  whorls 
smooth,  conspicuously  grooved  at  the  base  and  towards  the  apex, 
concave  round  the  upper  part,  noduled  at  the  angle,  nodules 
rather  small,  columella  very  callous,  lip  winged,  interior  of  the 
aperture  wrinkled  towards  the  lip  ;  chestnut-brown,  columella,  and 
interior  of  the  aperture  deep  blackish-chestnut,  sometimes  carne- 

lian-red. 

Beaufort,  North  Carolina,  to  West  Indies. 

Genus  APOKRHAIS,  Dillwyn.* 
Philos.  Trans.,  ii.  395.     1823. 

Shell  with  an  elongated  spire;  whorls  numerous,  tuberculated; 
aperture  narrow,  with  a  short  canal  in  front ;  outer  lip  of  the  adult 
expanded  and  lobed  or  digitated  ;  operculum  pointed,  lamellar. 

*  On  the  authorship  of  this  name  see  W.  M.  Gabb  in  Am.  Journ.  Conch. , 
iv.  143.     1868. 
2 


18  AMERICAN   MARINE   CONCHOLOGY. 

Animal  with  a  broad  short  muzzle;  tentacles  cylindrical,  bear- 
ing the  eyes  on  prominences  near  their  bases,  outside  ;  foot  short, 
angular  in  front;  branchial  plume  single,  long. 

Subgenus  Arrhoges,  Gabb. 
Am.  Journ.  Conch.,  iv.  145.     1868. 

Shell  fusiform,  anterior  canal  nearly  obsolete,  no  posterior  canal, 
outer  lip  expanded,  simple. 

1.  A.  OCCIDENTALS,  Beck.     Fig.  125. 

Guerin,  Mag.  Zool.,  t.  72.     1836. 

Whorls  eight  to  nine,  convex,  with  numerous  waving  vertical 
folds  and  regular  conspicuous  revolving  lines;  lip  expanded,  with 
a  blunt  process  above.  Epidermis  thick  and  dusky;  beneath 

bluish-white.     Length  2.25 ;  width  1.5  inches. 

Maine,  northwards. 

Family  MURICHXE. 

Animal  with  a  broad  foot ;  eyes  sessile  on  the  tentacles,  or  at 
their  base ;  branchial  plumes  two.  Lingual  ribbon  long,  linear. 
Teeth  in  three  series  (I'I'I)  the  central  broad,  the  lateral  versatile. 
Mantle  inclosed,  the  margin  producing  varices  at  intervals  across 
the  shells,  and  extended  in  front,  forming  a  straight,  more  or  less 
elongated  siphon.  Foot  simple  in  front. 

Synopsis  of  Genera. 

1.  Not  umbilicated.     Outer  lip  thickened. 
Lip  without  folds  ;  whorls  with  varices. 

Shell  ornamented  with  three  or  more  continuous  longitudinal  yarices ; 
aperture  rounded  ;  beak  often  very  long  ;  canal  partly  closed  ;  operculum 
concentric  ;  nucleus  sub-apical.  MUBEX,  Linn. 

Shell  with  two  rows  of  continuous  varices,  one  on  each  side. 

RANELLA,  Lam. 

2.  Not  umbilicated.     Golumellar  lip  with  folds  ;  no  varices. 

Shell  fusiform,  elongated  ;  not  cancellated ;  whorls  round  or  angular  ;  canal 
open  ;  columellar  lip  tortuous  with  several  oblique  folds.  Operculum 
claw-shaped.  FASCIOLABIA,  Lam. 

Shell  cancellated  ;  aperture  channelled  in  front ;  columella  with  several 
strong  oblique  folds  ;  no  operculum.  CANCELLARIA,  Lam. 

3.    Umbilicated.     Shell  spirally  furrowed  ;  columella  without  folds. 

Thin,  umbilicated  ;  spirally  furrowed  ;  the  ridges  with  epidermal  fringes  ; 

columella  obliquely  truncated  ;  operculum  lamellar,  nucleus  external. 

TRICHOTROPIS,  Brod. 


MARINE    MOLLUSCA   OF   THE    UNITED    STATES.  19 

4.  Not  umbiticated.   Shell  pear-shaped ;  fusiform ;  outer  lip  thin;  columella 

smooth. 

Pear-shaped  ;  spire  short ;  whorls  angular  above  ;  canal  long,  curved,  open  ; 
operculum  with  apical  nucleus.  SYCOTYPUS,  Browne. 

Pyriform,  light,  ventricose,  ribbed,  and  cancellated  ;  spire  very  short ;  aper- 
ture large ;  columella  simple  ;  canal  straight,  elongated ;  outer  lip  thin, 
entire.  Ficus,  Klein. 

Fusiform  ;  spire  conical ;  canal  straight,  long ;  operculum  ovate,  curved ; 
nucleus  apical.  Fusus,  Lamarck. 

Genus  MUEEX,  Linn. 
Syst.  Nat.,  edit,  x.,  746.     1758. 
The  murices  appear  to  form  only  one-third  of  a  whorl  annually, 

ending  in  a  varix,  but  some  species  form  intermediate  varices  of 

less  extent.     There  are  over  two  hundred  species,  of  world-wide 

distribution. 

1.  M.  SPINICOSTATA,  Valenciennes.    Fig.  IT. 
Kiener,  Icon.  Coq.,  49,  t.  41,  f.  1. 

Shell  pear-shaped,  sometimes  oblong,  sometimes  shorter  and 
ventricose;  whorls  biangulated  at  the  upper  part,  transversely 
ridged  and  striated ;  ridges  minute,  narrow,  rather  superficial ;  six- 
or-seven  varicose  veins  armed  with  frond-like  spines  throughout ; 
spines  canaliculated,  slightly  curved,  the  basal,  and  those  upon 
the  posterior  angles,  longer,  sharp-pointed ;  white,  ridges  reddish- 
brown,  stained  here  and  there  with  small  crescent-shaped  spots  of 
a  deeper  color;  interior  of  the  aperture  white,  stained  in  places 
with  ruddy  spots;  canal  rather  elongated;  sometimes  shorter, 

recurved. 

Beaufort,  North  Carolina,  to  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

The  North  Carolina  specimens  are  generally  worn,  evidently 
dead  shells.  This  is  probably  the  most  northern  limit  of  the 

species. 

Subgenus  Urosalpinx,  Stimpson. 

Am.  Journ.  Conch.,  i.  58.     1865. 

Shell  elongated,  oval  or  short  fusiform,  longitudinally  ribbed  or 
undulated  and  spirally  striated;  aperture  with  a  short  canal- 
Operculum  semi-cordate,  with  the  nucleus  at  the  outer  edge  a  lit- 
tle below  the  middle. 

1.  U.  CINEREUS,  Say.     Fig.  42. 

Fusus.     Journ.  Phil.  Acad.,  ii.  236.     1821. 
Buccinum  plicosum,  Menke,  Synopsis,  2d  edit.  59.     1830. 

Shell  oval,  fusiform,  with  five  or  six  convex  volutions  crossed 


20  AMERICAN   MARINE   CONCHOLOGY. 

by  a  dozen  rib-like  undulations,  and  with  numerous  revolving 
lines ;  mouth  oval,  brownish  within,  canal  short.  Low  water  to 
fifteen  fathoms. 

Length  25  ;  diam.  15  mill. 

Inhabits  the  whole  coast. 

Genus  EANELLA,  Lam. 
Extr.  d.  Cours.     1812. 

Shell  ovate  or  oblong,  compressed,  with  two  rows  of  continuous 
varices,  one  on  each  side;  aperture  oval;  columella  arcuated; 
canal  short,  recurved  ;  outer  lip  crenulated. 

The  species  are  mostly  tropical.  They  crawl  with  considerable 
animation  and  rapidity. 

1.  K.  GAUD  ATA,  Say.    Fig.  18. 

Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Philad.,  ii.  236.     1822. 
Fusus pyruloides,  Be  Kay.  Moll.,  New  York,  147,  t.  9,  f.  191.     1843. 
Eupleura  caudata,  Say.     Stimpson,  Arn.  Journ.  Conch.,  i.  58.     1865. 

Shell  solid,  whorls  five,  with  nine  stout,  vertical  ribs,  besides  the 
varices,  crossed  by  numerous  revolving  lines.  Lip  thick,  bordered 
within  by  raised  granules.  Reddish-brown,  white  or  bluish-white 
within.  Operculum  chestnut. 

Length  1  inch  ;  width  .65  inch. 

The  head  and  tentacles  and  the  siphon  are  nearly  white,  the 

foot  light  yellow. 

Massachusetts  to  Georgia. 

Genus  FASCIOLAKIA,  Lamarck. 

Prodr.     1799. 

Shell  fusiform  ;  spire  acuminated  ;  aperture  oval,  elongated,  as 
long  as  the  spire ;  siphonal  canal  straight ;  columella  smooth,  with 
a  few  oblique  plaits  at  the  forepart ;  outer  lip  internally  crenate. 
Operculum  claw-shaped. 

There  are  over  one  hundred  species;  tropical  or  subtropical  in 
distribution. 

•1.  F.  GIGANTEA,  Kieuer.     Fig.  19. 

Icon.  Coq.,  Viv.  Fasciolaria,  p.  5,  t.  10  and  11. 

Shell  symmetrically  fusiform,  spire  acuminately  turreted ;  whorls 
somewhat  obsoletely  obtusely  ridged  throughout,  scarcely  angu- 
lated  around  the  upper  part,  armed  with  large  swollen  tubercles ; 
fleshy-white,  covered  with  a  subtransparent  yellowish-chestnut 
horny  epidermis,  columella  and  interior  of  the  aperture  reddish. 


MARINE   MOLLUSCA   OP   THE    UNITED   STATES.  21 

This  is  the  largest  species  of  gasteropod  known,  attaining  to 
the  length  of  from  one  to  two  feet. 

Southern  Coast,  from  North  Carolina  to  Florida. 

2.  F.  TULIPA,  Linnaeus.     Fig.  20. 

(Murex.)    Syst.  Nat.,  edit.  xi.  754.     1758. 

Fusiform,  ventricose,  spirally,  irregularly  grooved,  suture  cre- 
nated.  Bluish-white,  variegated  with  chestnut  or  olive  blotches, 
sometimes  spirally  encircled  with  black  lines ;  flesh  color  within. 

North  Carolina  (rare]  to  West  Indies. 

3.  F.  DISTANS,  Lamarck.     Fig.  21. 

Anim.  sans  Vert.  vii.  119.     1822. 
< 
Fusiform,  ventricose,  smooth,  polished,  spirally  ridged  at  the 

base ;  whitish,  variegated  with  chestnut  blotches,  and  encircled 
with  distant  black  lines. 

Distinguished  from  F.  tulipa  by  its  smaller  size  and  more  dis- 
tant revolving  black  bands.  It  is  probably  not  distinct. 

North  Carolina  to  West  Indies. 

4.  F.  LIGATA,  Mighels  and  Adams.     Fig.  22. 

Bost.  Journ.  K  Hist.,  iv.  51,  t.  4,  f.  17.     1842. 
Ptychatractus  ligatus,  Stimpson,  Am.  Journ.  Conch.,  i.  590.     1865. 

Shell  elongate,  fusiform,  thick,  reddish;  whorls  six,  convex, 
with  revolving  ribs  ;  spire  acuminate,  suture  strongly  impressed ; 
aperture  ovate-elongate ;  lip  crenate ;  columella  with  two  folds. 

Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence. 

This  is  certainly  an  aberrant/  form,  -and  its  pertinence  to  the 
genus  is  extremely  doubtful. 

Genus  CANCELLARIA,  Lamarck. 

Prodi-cm.     1799. 

According  to  M.  Deshayes,  the  Cancellaria  is  a  vegetable  feeder. 
The  typical  species  have  strong  oblique  plaits  on  the  columella ; 
they  range  from  low  water  to  forty  fathoms  and  inhabit  warm 
latitudes.  About  seventy-five  species  have  been  described. 

1.  C.  RETICULATA,  Linnaeus.     Fig.  23. 

(Voluta.)    Syst.  Nat.,  edit.  xii.  1190.    1767. 

Shell  oblong-turbinated,  imperforated,  solid,  spire  exserted; 
whorls  convex,  everywhere  obtusely  reticulated;  whitish,  banded 
and  variegated  with  red-brown ;  aperture  rather  narrowly  ovate, 
interior  strongly  ridged,  plaits  two,  very  prominent. 

Southern  Coast  from  North  Carolina  {rare}  to  West  Indies. 


22  AMERICAN   MARINE   CONCHOLOGY. 

Subgenus  Admete,  Kroyer. 
Moller,  Naturhist.  Tidskr.,  iv.  88.     1842. 

Shell  ovate,  thin,  covered  with. an  epidermis;  spire  acute,  last 
whorl  ventricose ;  aperture  oval,  chanelled  anteriorly ;  columella 
with  a  few  obsolete  rudimentary  folds ;  outer  lip  thin,  simple, 
acute. 

This  group  appears  to  represent  Cancellaria  in  the  northern 
seas  in  the  same  manner  that  Troplion  represents  Hurex,  and 
Bela  certain  species  of  Mangelia. 

2.  C.  VIRIDULA,  Fabricius.     Fig.  24. 

(Tritonium.)    Fauna  Grcenlandica,  402.     1780. 

Cancellaria  buccinoides,  Couthouy,  Bost.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.,  ii.  105,  t.  3,  f.  3. 
Cancellaria  Couthouyi,  Jay,  Cat.     1839. 
Admete  viridula,  Stimpson,  Check  Lists,  No.  6. 

Shell  oblong,  longitudinally  obscurely  ribbed,  spirally  lined, 
spire  acuminated;  whorls  rounded,  suture  strong;  aperture  short, 
smooth,  columella  obsoletely  plaited;  white,  under  a  pale  green 

epidermis.     Ten  to  forty  fathoms. 

Massachusetts  to  Arctic  Ocean. 

Genus  TKICHOTKOPSIS,  Brod.  &  Sowb. 

Zool.  Journ.,  iv.  373.     1826. 

Shell  thin,  ventricose,  keeled, .umbilicated;  aperture  longer  than 
the  spire,  compressed  into  a  partial  canal  in  front ;  epidermis 
horny,  rising  into  hairs  at  the  angles  of  the  shell ;  operculum 
horny,  nucleus  at  one  side. 

There  are  about  a  dozen  species,  principally  of  arctic  distribu- 
tion. 

1.  T.  BOREALIS,  Sowerby.     Fig.  25. 

Zool.  Journ.,  iv.  373,  t.  9,  f.  6,  7.     1826. 
T.  costellatus,  Couthouy,  Bost.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.  ii.  108,  t.  3,  f.  2. 

Shell  ovate-rhomboidal ;  whorls  four,  the  last  very  broad,  and 
encircled  by  four  or  five,  and  the  others  by  two  prominent,  fringed 
ribs,  and  crossed  by  minute  and  regular  elevated  lines.  Fifteen 
to  twenty  fathoms. 

From  Massachusetts  northward,  Northern  British  Coasts. 


MARINE    MOLLUSCA   OP   THE    UNITED    STATES.  23 

Genus  SYCOTYPUS,  Browne. 
Nat.  Hist.,  Jamaica,  406.     1756. 
Busycon,  Bolten,  Morck,  Yoldi,  Cat.  104.     1852. 
Fulgur,  Montfort,  Concli.  Syst.,  ii.  502.     1810. 
Pyrula,  Lam.  (part.)  Prodr.     1799. 

Shell  pyriforrn,  thin,  last  whorl  large,  nodulous  or  spinose ;  spire 
very  short;  aperture  large,  subtriangular  ;  canal  open,  elongated, 
entire  at  the  forepart ;  inner  lip  concave,  with  a  single  fold  ante- 
riorly ;  outer  lip  internally  •triated. 

The  species  are  mostly  American  and  are  principally  southern. 
Recent  authorities  have  separated  the  shells  with  canaliculated 
sutures  under  the  generic  name  Sycotypus,  leaving  the  other  spe- 
cies to  constitute  the  genus  Fulgur  =  Busycon.  As  I  fail  to  ap- 
preciate the  necessity  for  this  division  I  have  reunited  them  under 
the  name  of  Sycotypus. 

*  Canaliculate  around  the  suture. 

1.  S.  CANALICULATUS,  Linnaeus.     Figs.  26,  21. 

(Murex.)     Syst.  Nat.,  edit.  xii.  1222. 

Pyrula  canaliculata,  Brug.,  Ency.  Meth.  Vers.  iii.  866,  t.  436,  f.  3. 
Pyrula  spirata,  Kiener,  Iconog.,  t.  10,  f.  1. 
Sycotypus  canaliculatus,  Gill.,  Am.  Journ.  Conch,  iii.  149.     1867. 

Shell  large,  pear-shaped,  covered  with  revolving  lines,  and  a 
hispid  epidermis ;  lower  whorl  tumid,  ending  in  a  long  canal ;  a 
nodular  keel  crowns  the  flattened  summit  of  each  whorl,  and  there 
is  a  deep  and  broad  channel  at  the  suture.  « 

Fig.  21  represents  a  string  of  egg  cases. 

Cape  Cod,  Massachusetts,  to  Georgia. 

2.  S.  PYRUM,  Dillwyn.     Fig.  28. 

(Bulla.)     Desc.  Cat.,  i.  485.     1817. 

Pyrula  spirata,  Lamarck,  Anim.  s.  Vert.,  vii.  142.     1822. 
Fulgur  pyruloides,  Say,  Journ.  Philad.  Acad. ,  ii.  237. 
Busycon  plagosum,  Conrad,  Prov.  Acad.  Nat.  Sciences,  Pliilad.  583.     1862. 

Shell  with  spiral  striae  alternately  larger;  whorls  white,  trans- 
versely lineated  with  ferruginous  lines,  interrupted  or  obsolete  on 
the  middle ;  above  flattened,  unarmed ;  spire  short,  suture  pro- 
foundly canaliculate. 

Southern  Coast,  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

**  Suture  not  canaliculate. 

3.  S.  CARIOUS,  Gmelin.     Figs.  29,  30,  31  (reversed  variety). 

(Murex.)    Syst.  Nat.,  3545.     1788. 


24  AMERICAN   MARINE    CONCHOLOGT. 

Murex  aruanus,  Linn.  (Misnomer),  Syst.  Nat.,  edit.  xii.  1222.     1766. 

Fulgur  eliceans,  Montfort,  Conch.  Syst.,  ii.  503,  fig.     1810. 

Pyrula  carica,  Lamarck,  An.  sans  Vert.,  vii.  138.     1822. 

Pyrula  candelabrum,  Lamarck,  ibid. 

Pyrula  Kieneri,  Philippi. 

Busy  con  spinosum,  Conrad,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Philad.  583.     1862.* 

Busy  con  gibbosum,  Conrad,  ibid.,  262.     1862. 

Shell  large,  solid,  pear-shaped  ;  whorls  six,  flattened  at  the  sum- 
mit and  the  angle  raised  into  a  series  of  compressed  tubercles, 
generally  about  nine  in  number,  on  e%ch  volution.  Young  shell 
striate  within  the  aperture,  striae  becoming  obsolete  when  full 
grown. 

A  figure  of  the  egg-case  is  given  for  comparison  with  that  of 
S.  canaliculatus. 

Fig.  31  represents  a  reversed  shell  of  this  species  from  the 
southern  coast,  where  it  rarely  occurs.  It  is  the  var.  of  perversus 
of  Kiener,  and  the  Kieneri  of  Philippi,  gibbosus  of  Conrad. 

Cape  Cod,  Massachusetts,  to  Florida. 
4.  S.  PERVERSUS,  Linnaeus.    Fig.  32. 

(Murex.)     Syst.  Nat,  edit.  12,  p.  1222.     1766. 

Shell  sinistral,  pyriform,  ventricose,  canal  elongated ;  whorls 
encircled  with  slightly  waved  rather  distant  striae,  angulated  round 
the  upper  part,  coronated  round  the  angle  with  tubercles  indicating 
slight  folds  of  the  surface.  Yellowish  banded  or  longitudinally 
streaked  with  brown ;  interior  white. 

9  Southern  Coast. 

Genus  FICUS,  Klein. 
Tent.  Method.  Ostracol.     1753. 
1.  S.  PAPYRACEUS,  Say.     Fig.  33. 

(Pyrula.)    Journ.  Philad.  Acad.,  ii.  238.     1822. 
Shell  inflated,*thin ;  spire  not  elevated;  suture  slightly  impressed, 
not  shouldered,  yellowish  with  small  rufous  spots;  within  dull 
fulvous  ;  whorls  with  numerous  spiral  striae,  which  are  alternately 
larger,  crossed  by  smaller  striae. 

Georgia  to  West  Indies. 

Genus  FTJSUS,  Bruguiere. 
Encyc.  Meth.,  i.  15.     1789. 

Shell  fusiform  ;  spire  many-whorled ;  canal  straight,  long ;  oper- 
culum  ovate,  curved,  nucleus  apical. 
There  are  nearly  two  hundred  species ;  distribution  universal. 


MARINE   MOLLUSCA   OF   THE    UNITED    STATES.  25 

*  Shell  ventricose,  rounded.    Nos.  1,  2,  3. 
*  Shell  angulated  by  revolving  ribs.     ISTos.  4,  5. 

1.  F.  ISLANDICUS,  Ginelin.     Fig.  34. 

(Murex.)     Syst.  Nat.,  3555.     1790. 

Murex  corneus,  Pennant,  Brit.  Zool.,  iv.  124,  t.  76,  f.  99.     1777. 
Fusus  corneus,S&j,  Amer.  Conch.,  t.  29. 

Shell  elongated,  symmetrically  fusiform ;  spire  regularly  atten- 
uated to  the  apex;  volutions  eight,  slightly  convex ;  body-whorl 
equally  inflated,  its  surface  covered  with  between  forty  and  fifty 
small  revolving  ribs  which  are  conspicuous  through  the  epidermis  ; 
these  become  almost  effaced  towards  the  outer  lip,  when  the  ver- 
tical, sinuous  striae  appear  in  their  place.  These  ribs,  or  revolving 
elevated  lines,  are  reduced  to  fifteen  on  the  next  whorl  above,  dimi- 
nishing in  numbers  as  they  ascend,  the  intervening  furrows  becoming 
more  profound,  with  very  faint  traces  of  vertical  lines.  Aperture 
oblong-ovate,  half  the  length  of  the  shell ;  canal  short,  sinuous  and 
wide.  Callus  on  the  columella  broad ;  lip  sharp,  very  minutely 
impressed  by  the  terminations  of  the  revolving  lines.  Color — 
Epidermis  horn-colored  or  soiled  brown  ;  surface  beneath  whitish 
opalescent ;  within,  pearly  white. 

Length  of  shell  2.9  inches. 

Animal  white,  with  irregular  black  spots  ;  foot  rounded,  rectan- 
gular ;  eyes  black. 

Massachusetts,  northward. . 

2.  F.  PYGM^EUS,  Gould.    Fig.  35. 

Invert.  Mass.,  1st  edit.,  284,  f.  199.     1841. 

Shell  same  shape  and  similarly  marked  as  F.  Islandicus^  but 
having  only'six  whorls  and  only  one-fourth  the  size,  being  about 
three-quarters  of  an  inch  in  length.  Animal  pure  white,  with  large 
foot,  broadly  truncate  in  front. 

Maine,  northward. 

3.  F.  VENTRICOSUS,  Gray.     Fig.  36. 

Zool.,  Beechy's  Voyage,  117. 
Fusus  Islandicus  (Yar.),  Kiener,  Sp.  t.  15,  f.  2. 

Shell  subfusiform,  ventricose  ;  whorls  five,  rounded,  rapidly  at- 
tenuating to  a  blunt  apex ;  body-whorl  much  inflated,  composing 
the  greater  part  of  the  shell.  Surface  covered  with  a  velvety 
epidermis,  under  which  numerous  minute  and  regular  revolving 
lines,  with  a  few  vertical  wrinkles,  are  apparent.  Spire  short,  not 
exceeding  .4  above  the  body-whorl ;  lip  simple,  smooth  ;  colu- 


26  AMERICAN    MARINE   CONCHOLOGY. 

mella  with  a  broad  callus ;  canal  slightly  recurved.    Epidermis 
chestnut-color ;  beneath,  white. 

Length  nearty  2  inches. 

Much  more  ventricose  than  F.  Islandicus,  with  proportionately 
larger  aperture,  and  more  numerous  and  smaller  revolving  lines. 

Newfoundland,  etc. 

4.  F.  TORNATUS,  Gould.     Fig.  3T. 

Am.  Journ.  Science,  xxxviii.  197. 

Shell  large,  coarse,  turreted;  whorls  eight,  very  convex,  rather 
ventricose,  with  distant  elevated  revolving  ribs;  on  the  upper 
whorls,  two  of  these,  more  prominent  than  the  rest,  give  them  a 
bicarinated  appearance.  Suture  deep.  Incremental  striae  dis- 
tinct, but  otherwise  the  shell  has  a  smooth  and  worn  appearance. 
Aperture  rather  less  than  half  the  length  of  the  shell,  broad-oval, 
and  somewhat  dilated;  lip  sharp,  and  somewhat  angulated  by  the 
prominent  revolving  ribs;  in  adults  the  columella  margin  covered 
with  a  callus.  Canal  short,  much  recurved.  Color  faint  brown- 
ish horn-color;  ribs  light  chestnut-color. 

Length  2J,  width  1£  inches. 

Newfoundland. 

5.  F.  DECEMCOSTATUS,  Say.     Fig.  38. 

Journ.  Acad.  Philad.,  v.  214. 
Fusus  carinatus,  Kiener,  Species,  t.  19,  f.  1. 

Shell  large,  robust,  solid,  somewhat  ventricose,  oval;  whorls 
six  or  seven,  obliquely  flattened  above  the  shoulder,  and  with 
stout,  coarse  revolving  ribs ;  there  are  about  ten  of  these  ribs  on 
the  body-whorl,  gradually  diminishing  below.  On  the  upper 
whorls,  the  ribs  are  reduced  to  two  or  three  large  and  coarse  ones, 
which  give  a  turreted  appearance  to  the  spire ;  between  these  ribs 
are  smaller  revolving  lines,  and  the  whole  surface  is  coarsely 
wrinkled  by  the  .lines  of  growth.  Aperture  ovate;  lip  festooned 
by  the  termination  of  the  revolving  ribs  ;  pillar  lip  arched,  and 
with  abroad  callus;  beak  cancellate  externally;  canal  short  and 
curved.  Brownish-white  or  ash-colored ;  pearly  white  within, 
grooves  on  the  lip  chestnut-colored. 

Length  2.5  inches. 

This  is  the  F.  carinatus  of  Kiener,  but  not  of  Lamarck.  It  is 
figured  by  Reeve  (Iconog.)  as  Buc.  lyratum,  Mart.  (Murex 
glomus  cereus,  Chemn.)  from  Australia  ;  but  Martyn's  species  is 
certainly  distinct  from  ours. 

Massachusetts,  northwards. 


MARINE   MOLLUSCA   OF   THE   UNITED   STATES.  2T 

Subgenus  Trophon,  Montfort. 

Shell  fusiform,  varices  numerous,  lamelliform  or  laciniated; 
spire  prominent ;  aperture  ovate ;  canal  open,  usually  turning  to 
the  left ;  columella  smooth,  arcuated. 

These  animals  inhabit  deep  water  in  the  Arctic  Seas  ;  they  are 
distinguished  from  the  typical  Fusidse  by  their  smaller  size  and 
lamellar  varices. 

1.  T.  TRUNCATUS,  Strom.     Fig.  39. 

(Buccinum.)     Norsk.  Vid.  Selsk.  Skr.,  iv.  369,  t.  16,  f.  26. 
Trophon  clathratus,  Forbes  &  Hanley,  Brit.  Moll.,  iii.  436,  t.  Ill,  f.  1,  2. 

(not  Murex  clathratus,  Linn.) 
Murex  Bamffius  (part.),  Donovan,  Brit.  Shells,  v.  169,  f.  2. 

Shell  small,  brownish,  with  six  rounded  whorls  ornamented  with 
numerous  sharp  lamellar  longitudinal  ribs ;  aperture  rounded, 
columella  arcuated,  canal  turned  to  the  left. 

Length  13,  diam.  6  mill. 

Maine,  northwards  ;  England. 

2.  T.  SCALARIFORMTS,  Gould.     Fig.  40. 

(Fusus.}    Sillinian's  Journ.  Sci.,  xxxviii.  197. 
Murex  Bamffius  (part.),  Donovan,  Brit.  Shells,  v.  t.  169,  f.  1. 

Shell  reddish-brown  ;  whorls  seven,  convex,  with  deep  sutures  ; 
fifteen  to  twenty  blade-like  ribs  disposed  longitudinally  on  the 
surface ;  aperture  rounded,  canal  slightly  turned  to  the  left. 

Length  43,  diam.  20  mill. 

Massachusetts,  northwards. 

Larger,  with  one  more  whorl  than  T.  truncatus. 

3.  T.  MURICATUS,  Montagu.     Fig.  41. 

(Murex.)    Test.  Brit.  262,  t.  9,  f.  2. 

Shell  small,  yellowish  or  white;  whorls  seven,  very  convex; 
with  ten  conspicuous  ribs  crossed  by  elevated  revolving  lines, 
canal  long  and  straight. 

Length  IT,  diam.  t  mill. 

Massachusetts,  Europe. 

Family  BUCCINID^E. 

Shell  notched  in  front ;  or  with  the  canal  abruptly  reflected, 
producing  a  kind  of  varix  on  the  front  of  the  shell.  Carnivorous. 

Synopsis  of  Genera. 

Shell  ovate,  few-whorled,  with  a  corneous  epidermis ;  whorls  ventricose  ; 
aperture  large,  oval,  emarginate  in  front ;  canal  wide,  truncated,  dorsally 


28  AMERICAN   MARINE    CONCHOLOGY. 

more  or  less  tumid ;  columella  smooth,  inner  lip  expanded ;   outer  lip 
usually  thin,  smooth  internally.     Operculurn  lamellar,  nucleus  external. 

BUCCINUM,  Linn. 

Shell  ovate,  small,  few-whorled  ;  aperture  moderate  ;  columellar  lip  callous, 
expanded,  forming  a  tooth-like  projection  near  the  anterior  canal.  Oper- 
culum  ovate,  nucleus  apical.  NASSA,  Lam. 

Shell  striated,  imbricated,  or  tuberculated  ;  spire  short ;  aperture  large, 
with  a  slight  oblique  channel  in  front ;  inner  lip  much  worn  and  flat- 
tened. Operculum  lamellar,  nucleus  external.  PURPUKA,  Lam. 

Shell  very  small,  limpet  like ;  with  a  large  aperture,  channelled  in  front, 
and  a  minute  lateral  spire.  No  operculum.  PEDICULAKIA,  Swains. 

Shell  oblong,  small,  thick,  with  a  long,  narrow  aperture ;  outer  lip  thick- 
ened, especially  in  the  middle,  dentated  ;  inner  lip  crenulated.  Opercu- 
lum very  small,  lamellar.  COLUMBELLA,  Lam. 

Shell  obconic,  ventricose,  with  irregular  varices ;  spire  short ;  aperture  long 
and  narrow  ;  outer  lip  reflected,  denticulated  ;  inner  lip  spread  over  the 
body-whorl ;  canal  sharply  recurved,  producing  a  varix  on  the  back  of 
the  shell.  Operculum  small,  elongated ;  nucleus  in  the  middle  of  the 
straight  inner  edge.  CASSIS,  LAM. 

Shell  oval,  ventricose,  thin,  spirally  furrowed,  without  varices ;  spire  small ; 
aperture  very  large  ;  outer  lip  crenated.  No  operculum. 

DOLITJM,  Lam. 

Shell  long  turreted,  dextral,  many-whorled,  granulated ;  aperture  subro- 
tund  ;  inner  lip  broadly  reflected  ;  outer  lip  acute,  arcuated  and  produced 
anteriorly ;  aperture  anteriorly  sinuated ;  canal  short.  Operculum  cor- 
neus,  concentric  ;  apex  terminal.  CERITHIOPSIS,  Forbes  &  Hanley. 

Shell  long  pointed,  many-whorled ;  aperture  small ;  canal  short.  Oper- 
culum pointed,  nucleus  apical.  Acos,  Humphrey. 

Shell  cylindrical,  polished  ;  spire  very  short,  suture  channelled ;  aperture 
long,  narrow,  notched  in  front;  columella  callous,  striated  obliquely; 
body -whorl  furrowed  near  the  base.  No  operculum. 

OLIVA,  Lam. 

Genus  BUCCINUM,  Linnaeus. 
Syst.  Nat,,  edit.  x.  734.     1758. 
Tritonium,  O.  Fabricius  (not  Link),  Faun.  Groen.  395.     1780. 

Shell  ovate  or  oblong,  covered  by  a  horny  epidermis ;  spire 
elevated,  apex  acute ;  aperture  large,  oval,  emarginate  in  front ; 
canal  wide,  truncated,  dorsally  more  or  less  tumid;  columella 
smooth ;  inner  lip  expanded ;  outer  lip  usually  thin,  smooth  in- 
ternally. 

Animal  with  eyes  on  slight  eminences  at  the  outer  bases  of  the 
tentacles. 

The  genus  contains  few  species,  of  Arctic  distribution. 


MARINE    MOLLUSCA    OF   THE    UNITED    STATES.  29 

Synopsis  of  Species. 

A.  Body-whorl  angulated  or  carinated.     No.  1. 

B.  Body- whorl  not  angulated. 

a.  Aperture  narrow  ;  a  strong,  tootli-like  plait  on  the  columella.  No.  2. 

b.  Aperture  broad. 

Shell  thick,  coarsely  striated  ;  with  longitudinal  folds.     No.  3. 
Shell  thin,  finely  striated  ;  with  longitudinal  folds.     No.  4. 
Shell  thin,  finely  striated  ;  longitudinal  folds  obsolete.     No.  5. 

1.  B.  DONOVANI,  Gray.     Fig.  43. 

Zool.,  Beechey's  Voy.  128.     1839. 

Stimpson,  Review  of  Northern  Buccinums,  Canad.  Nat.     Oct.  1865. 

Buccinum  glaciale,  Donovan  (not  Linn.),  Brit.  Shells,  v.  t.  154.     1799. 
Buccinum  tubulosurn,  Reeve,  Icon.  f.  105.     1847. 

Shell  elongated,  thick  ;  spire  long  and  tapering  ;  whorls  9,  con- 
vex, with  an  obtuse  carina  at  the  middle  of  the  body-whoil,  some- 
times obsolete.  ,  This  carina  commences  at  the  upper  angle  of  the 
aperture.  Longitudinal  folds  about  thirteen,  most  distinct  near 
the  sutures,  and  often  obsolete  on  the  body-whorl  except  at  the 
suture.  Primary  spiral  grooves  always  double  or  triple  in  fresh 
and  good  examples.  Primary  ridges  not  much  flattened,  with 
fine  secondary  grooves  upon  them,  but  the  middle  groove  is  often 
somewhat  deeper  tha'h  the  others.  Aperture  about  two-fifths  as 
long  as  the  shell,  and  rounded.  Columellar  lip  incurved  above, 
and  projecting  below.  Outer  lip  somewhat  thickened  and  reflected, 
patulous,  and  broadly  sinuated  above  about  half-way  between  the 
suture  and  the  junction  of  the  carina.  Periostraca  very  thin  and 
not  ciliated. 

Length  68,  diam.  53  mill.' 

Banks  of  Newfoundland,  northwards. 

2.  B.  CILIATTJM,  0.  Fabricius.     Fig.  44. 

(Tritonium.)    Fauna,  Grcenlandica,  401.     1780. 

Buccinum  ciliatum  (Fab.),  Stimpson,  Rev.  of  Buc.     1865. 

Buccinum  cyaneum,  Hancock  (not  Brug.),  Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  1 

ser.  xviii.  328.     1846. 

Buccinum  Nblleri,  Reeve,  Icon.  Buc.  Errata.     1846. 
Tritonium  (Bucc.)  tenebrosum,  var.  borealis,  Middendorff  (not  Hancock), 

Mai.  Ross.  162,  t.  3,  f.  7,  8.     1849. 

Shell  rather  small  and  solid,  becoming  very  thick  with  age, 
elongated,  oval,  or  sub-elliptical,  appressed.  Sutures  not  im- 
pressed ;  spire  short ;  body-whorl  elongated,  and  constituting 
seven-tenths  of  the  length  of  the  shell.  Whorls  not  convex,  not 


30  AMERICAN   MARINE   CONCHOLOGY. 

carinated,  plicated ;  longitudinal  folds  thirteen  to  eighteen  in 
number,  more  or  less  oblique,  variable  in  number  and  prominence, 
but  never  entirely  obsolete  at  the  suture.  Primary  spiral  ridges 
narrow  and  distant,  about  thirty  in  number  on  the  lower  whorl, 
but  somewhat  variable  in  strength  and  distance ;  sometimes 
double  or  divided  in  two  by  a  groove.  Secondary  ridges  alter- 
nate with  the  primaries  singly  or  by  groups  of  two,  three,  or  four ; 
they  are  distinguished  from  the  primaries  by  being  less  prominent, 
and  occupying  the  depressions  constituting  the  primary  grooves. 
In  some  specimens  the  primary  and  secondary  ridges  and  grooves 
can  scarcely  be  distinguished  from  each  other.  Aperture  elliptical, 
elongated  and  narrow,  a  little  more  than  half  the  length  of  the 
shell,  not  patulous,  but  somewhat  canaliculated  and  projecting 
below;  outer  lip  scarcely  at  all  sinuated.  Columella  with  a  dis- 
tinct tooth  or  projection  near  its  anterior  or  lower  extremity. 
This  projection  corresponds  to  the  second  fold  of  the  columella 
seen  in  several  species,  such  as  B.  tenue  and  B.  undatum,  but  it 
is  more  tooth-like  than  in  any  other  species  of  the  genus,  and 
constitutes  an  important  and  easily  recognized  specific  character. 
Periostraca  ciliated. 

Length  38,  diam.  20  mill. 

This  is  not  the  ciliatum  of  Gould's  "  Invertebrata  of  Massa- 
chusetts." That  species  is  B.  Humphrey sianum,  Bennett. 

Nova  Scotia,  Newfoundland  Banks,  northwards. 

3.  B.  UNDULATUM,  Moller.     "Fig.  45. 

Kroyer's  Tidsskrift,  iv.  84.     1842. 

Stiinpson,  Review  of  Buccinum.     1865. 

Buccinum  undatum,  Gould  (not  Linn.),  Invert.  Mass.  305.     1841. 
Tritonium  undulatum,  Morch,  Rink's  Greenland.  84.     1857. 
Buccinum  Labradorense,  Reeve,  Conch.  Icon.,  f.  5.     1846. 

Shell  thick,  ovate-conic,  ventricose,  grayish  or  brownish-white, 
encircled  by  prominent  primary  raised  lines  and  minute  inter- 
vening secondary  striae;  with  twelve  or  thirteen  longitudinal, 
obliquely  waved,  elevated  ribs  or  plaits  on  the  spire  and  upper 
portion  of  the  body-whorl ;  epidermis  velvety,  yellowish-brown ; 
whorls  six,  regularly  convex ;  aperture  oval,  about  one-half  the 
length  of  the  shell,  golden  yellow  within ;  minute  striae  extend 
some  distance  within  the  mouth  and  produce  faint  crenulations  of 
the  outer  lip ;  this  is  somewhat  everted  and  arched  so  as  often  to 
produce  a  conspicuous  notch  at  about  its  posterior  third ;  colu- 


MARINE   MOLLUSCA   OF   THE    UNITED    STATES.  31 

mella  with  a  broad  callus,  somewhat  flattened  and  twisted  at  its 
lower  portion ;  not  extending  so  far  as  the  lip  on  the  opposite 
side  of  the  canal. 

Length  YSj'diain.  4t  mill. 

New  Jersey  (rare},  northwards. 

This  is  the  American  prototype  of  the  B.  undatum  of  Europe, 
which  it  closely  resembles.  It  is  distinguished  by  the  following 
differences :  the  whorls  are  more  convex,  the  spire  is  shorter,  and 
the  diameter  of  shell  proportionally  greater ;  the  aperture  is  smaller 
and  more  circular ;  the  sinus  of  the  outer  lip  is  broader  and  shal- 
lower, and  nearer  the  middle  of  the  lip ;  the  aperture  is  (in  fresh 
specimens)  golden  within,  while  in  undatum  it  is  white  or  choco- 
late-colored ;  the  columella  is  shorter ;  the  ciliation  of  the  perios- 
traca  is  short  and  sparse,  never  long  and  furry  as  in  good  speci- 
mens of  the  European  species;  finally,  it  never  reaches  the  size 
or  number  of  whorls  of  the  latter. 

4.  B.  TOTTENI,  Stimpson.     Fig.  46. 

Review  of  Northern  Buccinums,  p.  23.     1865. 

Dawson,  Canad.  Nat.,  ii.  415,  t.  7,  f.  5.     1857. 
Buccinum  ciliatum  (part.),  Gould.,  Invert.  Mass.  307.     1841. 

Shell  of  moderate  size,  white,  thin;  spire  acute;  suture  im- 
pressed ;  whorls  seven,  regularly  convex,  neither  carinated  nor 
angulated.  Longitudinal  folds  about  twenty-two,  very  regular, 
straight,  not  at  all  oblique,  and  about  equalling  their  interspaces 
in  width,  becoming  obsolete  on  the  body-whorl  except  occasion- 
ally at  the  suture.  Transverse  striation  sharp  and  regular,  the 
grooves  narrow  and  deeply  cut.  The  primary  ridges  are  very 
numerous  and  crowded,  the  narrower  and  less  prominent  ones 
usually  alternating  by  threes  or  fours  with  the  stronger  ones. 
The  primary  grooves  are  much  narrower  than  the  corresponding 
ridges.  The  secondary  grooves  are  few  in  number,  occurring  for 
the  most  part  only  on  the  greater  ridges.  Aperture  rather  broad, 
half  as  long  as  the  shell;  outer  lip  thin,  effuse,  projecting  below, 
with  its  superior  sinus  very  broad  and  shallow  or  obsolete ;  folds 
of  the  columell'a*  little  prominent.  Periostraca  light-yellowish, 
short-ciliated  with,  triangular  fimbrise  at  the  intersections  of  the 
growth  lines  with  the  transverse  striae.  Color  within  the  aperture 
white,'  or  pale-yellowish. 

Length  53,  diam.  33  mill. 

Banks  of  Newfoundland, 


32  AMERICAN   MARINE   CONCHOLOGY. 

Allied  to  B.  Humphrey sianum,  but  differs  in  its  plicated  and 
more  convex  whorls,  deeper  transverse  sculpture  and  want  of 
color.  It  might  be  taken  for  a  thin  and  delicate  form  of  B.  undu- 
latum,  but  is  easily  distinguished  by  the  number  and  straightness 
of  the  longitudinal  plications  of  the  spire-whorls,  the  more  nume- 
rous and  sharply-cut  transverse  ridges,  and  the  wider  mouth. 

5.  B.  HUMPHREYSIANUM,  Bennett.     Fig.  47. 

Zool.  Journ.,  London,  i.  398,  t.  22,  upper  figures.     1825. 
Stimpson,  Rev.  of  Buccinums,  Canad.  Nat.     1865. 
Buccinum  ventricosum,  Kiener,  Iconog.  Buc.,  iv.  t.  3,  f.  7.     1841. 

(not  of  Lamarck.) 

Buccinum  ciliatum,  Gould,  Invert.  Mass.  307,  f.  209.     1841. 
(not  of  Fabricius.) 

Shell  rather  below  the  medium  size,  very  thin,  translucent,  pale- 
brownish,  with  fulvous  or  reddish  markings,  sometimes  obsolete. 
Spire  conic ;  whorls  7,  somewhat  flattened  abo,ve  and  regularly 
convex  below,  so  as  to  be  faintly  shouldered  above  the  middle. 
They  are  neither  plicated,  carinated,  nor  angulated,  and  the  sur- 
face is  much  smoother  than  in  most  species  of  the  genus.  The 
primary  ridges  are  to  be  distinguished  from  the  secondaries  only 
at  the  obsolete  angle  or  shoulder  of  the  whorl,  where  there  are 
generally  two  or  three  small  ridges  on  each  side  of  the  more  pro- 
minent ones  and  the  corresponding  sulcus.  On  the  middle  and 
lower  part  of  the  body-whorl,  where  the  transverse  ridges  are  for 
the  most  part  equal  in  size  and  strength,  and  equal  to  the  inter- 
vening grooves,  the  latter  are  crossed  by  well-marked  though  mi- 
croscopic lines  of  growth.  The  aperture  is  almost  one-half  the 
length  of  the  shell  and  about  three-fifths  as  broad  as  long.  The 
outer  lip  is  very  little  thickened  and  scarcely  at  all  projecting 
below,  and  it  has  no  sinus  at  the  middle.  Periostraca  ciliated. 

Length  3*7,  diam.  20  mill. 

Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  northwards  ;  Northern  Europe. 

It  may  be  recognized  by  its  thin  structure,  superior  flattened 
whorls,  and  the  total  absence  of  plications. 

Genus  NASSA,  Martini. 
Yerzeich.  e.  Ausserl.  Samml.     1773. 

Shell  ovate,  ventricose ;  body-whorl  variously  sculptured  ;  aper- 
ture ovate,  with  a  short,  reflected,  truncated  anterior  canal ;  inner 
lip  smooth,  often  widety  spread  over  with  enamel,  with  a  posterior 


MARINE   MOLLUSCA   OF    THE   UNITED    STATES.  33 

callosity  or  blunt  dentiform  plait;  outer  lip  dentated,  internally 
crenulated.  Operculum  ovate,  the  margin  serrated  or  entire. 
Eyes  on  the  middle  of  the  tentacles.  Foot  large,  expanded,  fre- 
quently bifurcate  at  its  posterior  extremity. 

The  animal  is  exceedingly  active  in  its  movements,  feeding  on 
bivalves,  which  it  pierces  with  its  proboscis,  extracting  the  con- 
tents through  a  small,  round  aperture.  There  are  over  two  hun- 
dred species,  of  world-wide  distribution ;  ranging  from  lo\y  water 
to  fifty  fathoms. 

1.  N.  OBSOLETA,  Say.    Figs.  48,  49,  and  50. 

Journ.  Philad.  Acad.  Nat.  Sciences,  ii.  232.     1822. 

Ilyanas&a  obsoleta,  Stimpson,  Am.  Journ.  Conch. ,  i.  61.     1865. 
Buccinum  Nov-Eboracensis,  Wood,  Index  Test,  Suppl.,  t.  4,  f.  26. 
Buccinum  oliviforme,  Kiener,  Iconog.,  t.  25,  f.  99. 

Shell  ovate,  solid;  apex  eroded;  spire  short;  whorls  six,  flat- 
tened, convex,  reticulated,  the  ridges  flattened ;  aperture  rather 
less  than  half  the  total  length  of  the  shell,  outer  lip  simple,  stri- 
ated within.  Dark  reddish-brown,  purplish  within,  with  frequently 
a  white  revolving  band.  Operculum  obovate,  broadest  below-; 
nucleus  a  little  within  the  margin  at  the  outer  side  near  the  base; 
margin  entire,  not  serrated. 

Animal  variously  mottled  with  slate-color ;  foot  as  long  as  the 
shell,  its  anterior  angles  prolonged  and  turned  backwards,  and 
without  caudal  bifurcation  ;  head  not  extending  beyond  the  shell ; 
eyes  black,  on  the  exterior  side  of  the  tentacula,  and  above  the 
base ;  above  the  eyes  the  tentacula  are  suddenly  diminished  and 
bristle-shaped ;  proboscis  cylindrical,  half  the  length  of  the  shell, 
channelled  beneath. 

Ova-capsules  (fig.  50)  rounded,  erect,  slightly  compressed,  with 
the  anterior  and  upper  surface  covered  with  facettes  formed  by 
reticulating  ridges  or  crests,  the  angles  of  which  are  spinous. 

This  is  the  type  of  Stimpson's  genus  Ilyanasa,  differing  from 
the  typical  Nassse  in  the  form  of  the  operculum  and  the  want  of 
caudal  bifurcation. 

Littoral,  living  on  mud-flats  in  bays  and  harbors ;  very  abun- 
dant. 

Entire  Coast  from  Maine  to  Florida. 
2.  N.  TRIVITTATA,  Say.     Fig.  51. 

Journ.  Philad.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.,  ii.  231.     1822. 

Shell  robust,  ovate-conic ;  spire  elevated,  acute,~longer  than  the 
3 


34  AMERICAN   MARINE   CONCHOLOGY. 

body-whorl.  Whorls  six  or  seven,  flattened;  surface  granulated 
by  prominent  vertical  lines  and  about  ten  revolving  impressed 
lines.  Suture  impressed,  with  a  prominent  shoulder  on  the  whorl 
near  it.  Aperture  oval;  lip  sharp,  sculptured  with  revolving 
striae;  columella,  with  a  slight  fold,  white;  with,  unfrequently, 
three  brownish  bands.  Operculum  subtriangular,  dentate  around 
the  margin. 

Length  13  to  19  mill.,  diam.  6  to  8  mill. 

The  animal  is  whitish  with  light  purple  dots,  and  its  foot  is 
bifurcate  behind.  Very  common  from  low-water  mark  to  fifteen 
fathoms. 

New  Sfagland  to  Georgia. 

3.  N.  VIBEX,  Say.     Figs.  52,  53. 

Journ.  Philad.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.,  ii.  231.     1822. 

Nassa  fretensis,  Perkins,  Bost.  Proc.,  117.     1869. 

Shell  solid,  ovate,  short ;  whorls  six ;  body-whorl  with  from  ten 
to  twelve  vertical,  undulating  and  prominent  costae,  which  are 
continued  to  the  apex  ;  and  about  the  same  number  of  revolving 
lines,  which  are  most  prominent  on  the  costae ;  suture  moderate. 
Aperture  oval;  lip  thickened  without  and  within,  with  two  to 
four  prominent  teeth  internally  ;  pillar  lip  arched,  with  a  broad 
flat  callus,  which  forms  a  process  directed  upwards  towards  the 
suture  on  the  upper  portion  of  the  body-whorl,  and  is  slightly 
granulated  at  the  base.  Spire  short,  rapidly  attenuated  to  an 
acute  apex ;  canal  very  short.  Color  ashy-white  to  pale  reddish- 
brown,  with  darker  colored  revolving  bands. 

Length  13,  diam.  8  mill. 

The  animal  has  a  large  foot,  auriculate  in  front,  and  narrowed 
behind,  about  one-half  longer  than  the  sheik  The  broad  head  is 
maculated  with  .dark  gray,  and  the  upper  part  of  the  body  with 
snow-white,  and  a  broad  longitudinal  median  band  of  the  same 
color ;  beneath,  whitish. 

A  rather  larger  variet}',  with  less  acute  spire,  more  numerous 
and  narrower  ribs,  more  prominent  revolving  lines,  thinner  and 
smaller  callus  and  darker  color,  has  been  recently  described  as 
N.  fretensis.  I  give  a  dopy  of  the  figure  (fig.  53).  From  low 
water  to  fifteen  fathoms. 

Cape  Cod,  Massachusetts,  to  West  Indies. 


MARINE   MOLLUSCA   OF   THE   UNITED   STATES.  35 

4.  N.  ACUTA,  Say.     Fig.  54. 

Journ.  Philad.  Acad.,  ii.  234.     1822. 

Conic-acute,  cancellate,  so  as  to  appear  granulate ;  granules 
prominent,  somewhat  transverse,  inequidistant.  Spiral  grooves 
six  in  number;  spire  longer  than  the  body-whorl,  slender,  acute. 
Beak  distinguished  by  a  depression  from  the  body-whorl,  and 
slightly  reflected;  lip  thickened,  with  elevated  lines  on  the  fauces, 
not  attaining  the  margin.  Color  whitish. 

Length  13  mill. 

Southern  Coast. 

5.  N.  UNICTNCTA,  Say.    Fig.  55. 

Journ.  Philad.  Acad.,  v.  211.     1826. 

Shell  sub-ovate,  conical.  Whorls  eight,  with  ten  to  twelve  re- 
volving lines  and  transverse  undulations ;  apex  acute ;  lip  with 
ten  revolving  striae  within  ;  pillar  lip  concave  in  the  middle  ;  two 
obsolete  striae,  and  a  deeper  one  at  the  base.  Color  yellowish- 
white  or  ash-gray  ;  body-whorl  with  a  brown  band. 

Length  23  mill. 

South  Carolina. 

6.  N".  CONSENSA,  Ravenel. 

Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sciences,  Philad.  43.     1861. 

Shell  ovate-conical,  ribbed  and  crossed  by  numerous  revolving 
striae ;  whorls  seven,  and  the  apex ;  whorls  rounded,  with  eleven 
strong  ribs ;  suture  deep,  scalloped  by  the  ribs ;  revolving  striae 
crossing  the  ribs,  as  well  as  the  interstitial  spaces. 

Aperture  nearly  oval,  outer  lip  much  thickened,  denticulate 
within,  the  largest  tooth  being  in  the  form  of  a  ridge  next  the 
canal ;  pillar  much  hollowed,  with  slight  callus  above,  much  thick- 
ened to  form  the  canal,  which  is  short,  oblique,  and  turned  back- 
wards; lower  portion  of  the  pillar  white,  covered  with  crowded, 
inconspicuous,  revolving  striae,  with  a  deep  groove  at  the  edge  of 
the  canal. 

Color  of  the  shell  generally  yellowish-brown,  with  a  narrow 
deep-brown  band  immediately  next  the  white  projection  at  the 
canal;  next  to  this,  on  the  body-whorl,  is  a  much  wider  band  of 
lighter  brown,  which  revolves  at  the  suture  to  the  apex  of  the 
shell ;  all  other  portions  of  the  surface  are  marked  by  delicate 
lines,  more  or  less  grouped,  of  yellowish-brown.  On  the  thick- 
ened portion  of  the  outer  lip  these  lines  are  here  and  there  more 
deeply  colored  in  spots. 


36  AMERICAN   MARINE   CONCHOLOOY. 

It  is  a  very  pretty  shell ;  a  single  specimen  was  found  in  a  fish 
off  Charleston  bar ;  fourteen  fathoms.  It  resembles  N.  incrassata 
of  England,  and  we  have  seen  it  in  collections  labelled  "  N.  am- 
bigua,  Mor.,  West  Indies." 

This  species  I  have  not  been  able  to  identify.  It  has  never 
been  figured,  and,  as  only  a  single  specimen  was  obtained,  it  may 
be  considered  a  doubtful  species. 

Genus  PURPUBA,  Bruguiere. 
Encyc.  Method.,  i.  15,  241.     1789. 

Shell  oblong-oval,  last  whorl  large  ;  spire  short ;  aperture  ovate, 
large,  with  an  oblique  channel  or  groove  at  the  forepart ;  colu- 
mella  flattened;  outer  lip  simple. 

There  are  about  one  hundred  and  fifty  species ;  inhabiting  the 
seas  of  temperate  and  warm  climates. 

1.  P.  LAPILLUS,  Linnaeus.    Figs.  56,  57. 

(Buccinum.)    Syst.  Nat.,  edit.  xii.  1202. 

Shell  ovate,  thick  and  solid  ;  spire  short  and  very  acute,  suture 
impressed ;  whorls  five,  with  deep  revolving  furrows  and  inter- 
vening ribs,  and  transverse  raised  scale-like  wrinkles.  Aperture 
ovate ;  lip  arched  and  subacute,  with  obscure  revolving  ridges 
within  the  margin.  Pillar  lip  pr'oduced,  concave  externally  at  the 
base ;  canal  short.  Operculum  horny,  oval.  Color  from  white, 
through  various  shades  of  yellow,  to  dark  red,  sometimes  with  a 
white  band. 

Length  31,  diam.  IT  mill. 

Inhabits  rocky  shores.   It  is  a  very  variable  species  in  coloration 
and  form,  and  is  equally  common  on  both  sides  of  the  Atlantic. 
Entire  Coast,  Greenland  to  Florida.     (Europe. ) 

2.  P.  FLORIDANA,  Conrad.     Fig.  58. 

Journ.  Philad.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  vii.  t.  20  f.  21.  1837. 
Shell  oblong-ovate,  conspicuously  attenuated  at  both  ends,  spire 
sharp;  whorls  depressed  and  finely  noduled  around  the  upper  part, 
transversely  very  closely  ridged  and  grooved  throughout,  interior 
of  the  aperture  deeply  grooved.  Bluish-gray,  indistinctly  and 
irregularly  encircled  with  narrow  yellow  zones,  and  rather  indis- 
tinctly painted  with  blackish  longitudinal  waves,  columella  and 
interior  of  the  aperture  orange-yellow,  frequently  banded  within. 

North  Carolina  to  Florida. 


MARINE    MOLLUSCA   OF   THE   UNITED    STATES.  37 

Genus  PEDICTJLARIA,  Swainson. 

Man.  Malacol.  245,  357.     1840. 

Shell  very  small,  limpet-like;  with  a  large  aperture,  channelled 
in  front,  and  a  minute  lateral  spire.  The  following  species  is  the 
second  in  the  genus,  the  typical  species  being  a  small  shell  para- 
sitic on  corals  in  the  Mediterranean;  in  the  latter  there  is  no 
operculum.  The  genus  is  closelj'  allied  to  Purpura. 

1.    P.  DECUSSATA,  GrOuld. 

Proc.  Host.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  v.  126.     1855. 

Shell  solid,  variable,  generally  oval,  decussated  by  radiating 
and  revolving  striae;  apex  lateral,  obtuse;  aperture  crescent  form  ; 
lip  thickened,  considerably  expanded ;  columella  straight,  acute, 
sulcate. 

Length  4,  diam.  3  mill. 

Dredged  at  a  depth  of  400  fathoms. 

Coast  of  Georgia. 

Genus  COLTJMBELLA,  Lamarck. 
Anim.  sans  Vert.  yii.  292.     1822. 

Shell  ovate-oblong,  triangular  or  fusiform;  spire  acute  at  the 
apex;  aperture  long,  narrow,  contracted  in  the  middle;  inner  lip 
curved,  crenulated  or  denticulated ;  outer  lip  dentate,  gibbous, 
thickened  in  the  middle. 

There  are  nearly  two  hundred  species  of  this  genus,  inhabiting 
temperate  and  warm  seas.  They  crawl  on  the  surface  of  sand-flats 
in  shallow  water,  or  live  on  stony  beaches,  where  they  congregate 
about  and  under  stones. 

1.  C.  AVAEA,  Say.    Fig.  59. 

Journ.  Philad.  Acad.,  ii.  230.    1822. 

Shell  thick,  small,  elongate-ovate;  spire  elevated  and  acute. 
Whorls  six  or  seven,  very  slightly  convex,  almost  flat;  suture 
distinct.  Surface  with  spiral  impressed  lines,  and  vertical  obtuse 
ribs  or  folds;  these  latter,  consisting  of  about  twelve  or  fourteen 
in  number  on.  the  body-whorl,  do  not  descend,  beyond  the  middle 
of  that  whorl,  leaving  only  revolving  lines  beneath.  Columella 
with  a  plate  of  enamel,  which  is  toothed  within  and  truncated 
beneath  the  margin;  lip  toothed  within.  Color  whitish,  reticu- 
lated or  spotted  with  rufous;  often  of  a  yellowish  hue. 

Length  12,  diam.  4  mill. 

Cape  Cod,  Mass.,  to  Georgia. 


38  AMERICAN   MARINE   CONCHOLOGY. 

2.  C.  ROSACEA,  Gould.     Fig.  60. 

Am.  Journ.  Sci.,  xxxviii.  197.     1840. 

C.  Holbbllii,  Beck.  Moll.     1842. 

Shell  small,  elongated,  closely  covered  by  very  minute  revolving 
lines ;  spire  acute,  about  as  long  as  the  body-whorl,  the  suture 
distinct,  but  faintly  impressed  ;  aperture  narrow  ;  outer  lip  sharp, 
smooth  within;  columella  arcuated,  smooth,  a  little  flattened. 
White  tinged  with  rose-color,  whitish  within  the  aperture. 

Length  7.5,  diam.  3.75  mill. 

Massachusetts  northward  to  Newfoundland.     (Europe.) 

3.  C.  LUNATA,  Say.    Fig.  61. 

Journ.  Philad.  Acad.,  v.  213.     1826. 
C.  Gouldiana,  Agassiz,  Stimpson,  Shells  of  K  England,  48.     1851. 

Shell  very  small,  conic-oval.  Whorls  six,  nearly  smooth,  slightly 
convex:  a  single  revolving  line  below  the  suture,  and  a  few  around 
the  base;  suture  not  deeply  impressed.  Aperture  narrow,  slightly 
angulated  above,  and  with  a  short  channel  beneath.  Columella 
with  a  callus;  lip  simple,  dentate  on  its  inner  margin  ;  those  above 
most  prominent.  Color  reddish-brown  or  yellowish,  with  one  or 
more  series  of  sublimate  white  spots  on  the  body-whorl;  occa- 
sionally uniform  reddish-brown,  or  with  longitudinal  dark  lines. 

Length  5,  diam.  .2.5  mill. 

Animal  pale  whitish;  the  foot  linear,  nearly  as  long  as  the  shell, 
acute  behind,  truncate  before;  proboscis  more  than  half  the  length 
of  the  shell,  obtuse  at  tip  with  a  brown  annulation  and  another  at 
the  base ;  tentacula  short,  cylindrical,  annulate  with  blackish  on 
the  middle;  eyes  black,  at  the  base  of  the  tentacula. 

Cape  Cod,  Mass.,  to  Georgia. 

4.  C.  WHEATLEYI,  DeKay.    Fig.  62. 

(Buccinum.)  Moll.  K  York,  132,  t.  7,  f.  162.  1843. 
Shell  minute,  small,  ovate-cylindrical.  Whorls  six,  nearly  flat, 
or  at  most  very  slightly  convex,  with  a  small  and  distinct  suture; 
surface  smooth,  with  no  revolving  lines.  Aperture  narrow,  sub- 
linear  with  a  small  notch  above  and  a  short  canal  beneath.  Body- 
whorl,  on  its  lower  portion,  near  the  canal,  has  from  eight  to  ten 
minute  impressed  revolving  striae,  becoming  more  distant  above. 
Lip  simple,  thin,  with  a  ridge  of  minute  teeth  within  its  inner 
edge,  which  are  entirely  wanting  in  the  young.  Callus  on  the 
columella  elevated,  not  much  reflected. 


MARINE    MOLLUSCA    OF    THE    UNITED    STATES.  39 

Color  light  horn,  with  numerous  undulated  vertical  reddish 
dilated  lines. 

Length  0.23  ;  of  aperture,  0.1. 

New  York  Harbor. 

The  above  is  a  copy  of  DeKay's  description.  The  species  has 
not  occurred  to  any  other  collector,  and  it  is  therefore  impossible 
to  decide  upon  its  distinctness.  DeKay  himself,  in  describing  C. 
lunata,  suggests  that  this  species  is  a  variety  of  it,  and  the  same 
opinion  has  been  advanced  by  several  marine  conchologists. 

5.  C.  DISSIMILIS,  Stimpson.     Fig.  63. 

Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  iv.  114.    1851. 
Buccinum  eonale,  Linsley,  Am.  Journ.  Science,  O.  S.  xlviii.  285. 

Shell  small,  ovate-conical,  solid,  longitudinally  sub-striate,  fus- 
cous, often  with  three  white  zones;  whorls  five,  flattened;  aperture 
small,  sub-equalling  half  the  spire.  Animal  white. 

Length  5,  diam.  2.5  mill. 

New  England. 

6.  C.  SIMILIS,  Ravenel.     Fig.  64. 

Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sciences,  Philad.,  41.     1861. 

This  has  generally  been  considered  the  young  or  immature  shell 
of  C.  avara.  The  latter  is  a  larger  shell,  and  has  fewer  and  much 
larger  ribs  on  the  upper  portion  of  the  body-whorl.  It  has  about 
eleven  ribs ;  whereas  this  shell  has  often  as  many  as  twenty  ribs, 
but  the  number  varies;  the  ribs  are  also  smaller  and  more  regular 
generally,  occupy  more  of  the  whorl,  and  generally  are  continued 
on  the  spire  to  its  apex.  White  mottled  with  rufous. 

The  principal  distinction  between  this  species  and  G.  avara  con- 
sists in  its  narrower  form  and  generally  more  numerous  ribs. 
Although  frequently  confounded  with  the  latter — with  which  it 
inhabits,  it  appears  to  be  quite  distinct. 

Massachusetts  to  Georgia. 

7.  C.  TRANSLIRATA,  Ravenel. 

Proc.  Philad.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  42.     1861. 

Shell  elevated  conic,  apex  sharp;  whorls  nine,  nearly  flat,  rather 
closely  ribbed,  ribs  and  interspaces  about  equal,  with  five  equi- 
distant revolving  striae,  from  the  anterior  canal  to  the  apex;  body- 
whorl  angulated  in  the  middle,  and  above  this  angle  the  ribs  are 
about  half  as  many  as  on  the  whorl  immediately  preceding  it  and 
nodulous  at  the  suture;  the  nodules  being  white.  Below  the 


40  AMERICAN   MARINE   CONCHOLOGY. 

angle  the  ribs  are  again  more  numerous  but  not  so  prominent,  with 
numerous  revolving  striae.    Color  varying  from  light  straw-yellow 
to  dark-brown,  the  ends  of  the  ribs  at  the  suture  and  on  the  angle 
of  the  body-whorl,  white. 
Length  one  inch. 

Beaufort,  N.  C.,  Charleston,  S.  C. 

I  am  not  acquainted  with  this  species. 

8.  C.  IONTHA,  Ravenel. 

Proc.  Philad.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  42.     1861. 

Shell  fusiform,  strong,  small,  with  nine  flat,  ribbed  whorls,  white 
with  brown  blotches  and  lines.  Suture  deep  and  distinct,  both 
the  upper  and  lower  edges  of  the  whorls  being  chamfered ;  the 
ribs  on  the  body-whorl  near  the  aperture  less  distinct  than  on 
other  parts  of  the  shell;  anterior  portion  of  this  whorl  with 
numerous  revolving  striae;  these  impressed  striae  give  place  to 
colored  lines  as  they  ascend,  and  these  are  continued  more  or  less 
distinct  to  the  apex,  being  visible  only  as  they  cross  the  ribs  and 
not  in  the  intermediate  spaces  except  here  and  there,  where,  being 
more  deeply  colored  and  descending  between  the  ribs,  they  pro- 
duce the  blotches  which  mark  the  shell.  Aperture  small,  rather 
wide  in  proportion,  pillar  lip  much  hollowed  above,  suddenly 
becoming  straight  to  form  the  canal ;  outer  lip  considerably  en- 
larged, denticulated  sparsel}'  within;  length  a  little  over  one-fourth 
of  an  inch. 

A  pretty  little  shell,  allied  to  the  group  which  embraces  C.  pul- 
chella,  Sowb.  and  C.jaspidea,  Sowb.  of  West  Indies;  this  species 
being  more  elongated. 

A  single  specimen  obtained  from  the  stomach  of  a  black  fish. 

Charleston,  S.  C. 

9.  C.  NIVEA,  Ravenel. 

Proc.  Philad.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  43.     1861. 

,  Shell  small,  delicate,  elongated-conic,  white,  immaculate,  smooth, 
polished,  prett%  striated  on  the  outer  part  of  the  canal,  body- 
whorl  longer  than  the  spire,  suture  distinct,  with  a  white  revolving 
line  a  little  below  it  on  the  whorls;  pillar  covered  with  callus, 
much  hollowed,  suddenly  becoming  straight  to  form  the  canal ; 
callus  ending  in  a  distinct  edge;  outer  lip  a  little  thickened, 
sparsely  denticulated  within,  the  posterior  tooth  being  decidedly 
the  most  prominent. 


MARINE   MOLLUSC  A   OF   THE   UNITED   STATES.  41 

Allied  to  rosacea,  Gould,  and  lunata,  Say.    A  single  specimen 

taken  from  the  stomach  of  a  fish. 

Charleston,  8.  C. 

This,  as  well  as  C.  translirata  and  C.  writha,  is  a  doubtful  species. 

10.  C.  SPIZANTHA,  Ravenel. 

Proc.  Elliott  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  281.     1858. 

Shell  small,  ovate-conic;  smooth,  except  at  the  base,  where 
there  are  a  few  revolving  lines ;  whorls  seven  in  mature  specimens ; 
nearly  flat,  with  the  suture  distinct ;  color  brown,  with  a  series  of 
irregular  triangular  spots,  of  a  dull  yellow.  There  is  considerable 
variation,  in  the  coloring,  sometimes  the  general  color  is  of  the 
dull  yellow,  with  brown,  waving  lines,  marking  off  the  whorls  with 
the  irregular  spots.  Aperture  oval,  about  one-third  the  length  of 
the  shell,  with  a  slight  recess  at  the  posterior  angle,  and  a  short 
canal  in  front ;  brown,  with  a  few  teeth  within  the  outer  lip  and 
a  smooth  slight  callus  on  the  pillar.  Length  about  one-sixth  of  an 
inch. 

Animal  white;  proboscis  half  the  length  of  the  shell,  foot  a  little 
longer  than  the  shell,  narrow,  wider  in  front;  posterior  end  quite 
narrow,  but  not  pointed,  head  projecting  from  the  foot,  with  ten- 
tacles one-third  the  length  of  the  shell,  very  delicate  almost  hair- 
like,  with  small  black  eyes  at  the  base.  Animal  active,  keeping 
the  proboscis  in  constant  motion,  while  the  tentacles  are  little  used. 

Wando  Biver,  S.  Carolina. 

This  species  is  unknown  to  me. 

11.  C.  MERCATORIA,  Linnaeus.     Fig.  65,  66. 

Syst.  Nat.  Edit.  xii.  1190.     1767. 

Shell  obovate,  thick,  spirally  grooved  throughout,  body-whorl 
swollen,  obtusely  shouldered,  contracted  below ;  whorls  six ;  spire 
short,  conic,  apex  acute ;  aperture  long  and  narrow,  sinuous,  the 
outer  lip  thickened,  very  callously  denticulated  in  the  middle. 
Shell  variously  colored  with  longitudinal  blotches  of  brown  on  a 
white  ground,  sometimes  with  white  bands  bearing  black  articula- 
tions. 

This  well-known  species  is  chiefly  characterized  by  its  somewhat 
tumid  growth  and  grooved  sculpture,  and  by  its  painting,  which 
is  generally  sparingly  articulated. 

North  Carolina  to  West  Indies. 


42  AMERICAN    MARINE   CONCHOLOGY. 

12.  C.  ORNATA,  Ravenel.     Fig.  66,  a. 

Proc.  Elliott  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  i.  281.     1858. 

Shell  small,  dirty  white,  ovate  conic ;  whorls  seven,  nearly  flat,  - 
with  longitudinal  ribs  extending  almost  to  the  apex;  revolving 
lines  interrupted  at  the  ribs,  except  near  the  base,  where  the  ribs 
become  obsolete,  and  the  revolving  lines  are  uninterrupted  and 
more  decided  than  elsewhere ;  suture  distinct,  with  the  revolving 
line  next  below  it  more  deeply  impressed  than  the  others;  aper- 
ture nearly  half  the  length  of  the  shell,  narrow,  with  a  rather  deep 
sinus  at  its  posterior  angle,  ending  in  a  short  canal  in  front;  outer 
lip  thickened  and  smooth  on  the  outside,  being  free  from  the  ribs 
and  lines  of  the  whorls,  within  strongly  toothed ;  pillar  covered 
with  smooth  callus,  the  outer  edge  of  which  is  elevated  and  sharp. 

Length  5  mill. 

South  Carolina. 

I  have  not  seen  this  species. 

Genus  CASSIS,  Lamarck. 
Ann.  du  Mus.,  ii.  168.     1801. 

Shell  obtriangular  or  obovate ;  spire  short ;  last  whorl  large, 
with  irregular  varices:  aperture  linear,  long,  with  a  short,  sharply 
recurved,  sinistral  canal  in  front;  inner  lip  forming  a  lar,ge,  trans- 
versely wrinkled  plate  spread  over  the  body-whorl;  outer  lip 
thickened,  reflected,  plicate  or  toothed. 

The  Cassides  are  active  and  voracious,  living  in  sandy  localities 
where  bivalves  abound,  and  upon  which  they  prey.  There  are 
about  forty  species,  principally  tropical. 

1.  C.  CAMEO,  Stimpson.     Fig.  67. 

Am.  Journ.  Science,  n.  s.,  xxix.  443.     1860. 
Cassis  Madagascariensis  (part.)  Lam.  Anim.  sans  Vert.,  vii.  219.     1822. 

Shell  ovately  triangular,  ventricose,  irregularly  coarsely  striate 
by  elevated  growth  lines,  more  prominent  on  the  spire,  encircled 
by  rounded  riblike  elevations,  of  which,  on  the  body-whorl,  three 
are  elevated  occasionally  into  nodules,  the  most  prominent  being 
the  upper  one,  which  forms  the  superior  angle  of  the  body-whorl ; 
the  spire  is  very  short  and  sutures  not  deep ;  between  the  revolving 
ribs  are  grooves  of  equal  width.  Columella  greatly  expanded, 
conspicuously  ribbed ;  outer  lip  expanded  and  thickened  with 
lamellifonn  teeth  within.  Flesh  colored,  the  lips  and  callus  of 


MARINE   MOLLUSCA   OF   THE    UNITED    STATES.  43 

deeper  shade,  teeth  and  wrinkles  of  mouth  white,  interstices  and 
interior  deep  purple-brown. 

Length  6,  diam.  4  inches. 

North  Carolina  to  West  Indies. 

2.  C.  GHANULOSA,  Bruguire.     Fig.  68. 
Encyc.  Metli.,  No.  5.     1792. 

Shell  somewhat  globosely  ovate,  rather  thin,  extremity  ventri- 
cose,  spire  sharp;  whorls  rounded,  inflated,  smooth,  transversely 
obsoletely  grooved,  reticulately  striated  towards  the  apex ;  colu- 
mella  smoothly  plicated  and  conspicuously  granose  ;  lip  reflected, 
thickened  and  dentate  within.  Bluish-white,  encircled  by  five 
bands  of  somewhat  square  and  irregularly  interrupted  reddish- 
brown  spots. 

Length  4,  diam.  2j  inches. 

North  Carolina  to  West  Indies. 

Genus  DOLIUM,  Lamarck. 

Philos.  Zool.     1809. 

Shell  thin,  roundly  oval,  ventricose,  inflated  ;  spire  small ;  whorls 
transversely  furrowed;  aperture  very  large,  with  a  short,  poste- 
rior reflected  canal ;  inner  lip  thin,  widely  expanded ;  outer  lip 
fimbriated  or  crenated.  No  operculum. 

About  twenty  species  ;  distribution  tropical. 

1.  D.  GALEA,  Linnaeus.     Fig.  69. 

(Buccinum.)    Syst.  Nat.,  edit.  xii.  1197.     1767. 

Shell  very  large,  extremely  ventricose,  umbilicated  ;  spire  short, 
a  little  sunk  in  ;  sutures  deeply  impressed  ;  whorls  seven  in  num- 
ber, swollen  around  the  upper  part,  with  revolving  ribs  ;  ribs  con- 
vex, close-set,  upper  ones  with  most  frequently  an  intervening 
ridge ;  columella  somewhat  twisted ;  whitish  or  pale  fulvous,  apex 
blackish,  columellar  lip  white,  lip  stained  with  brown. 
Length  8,  diam.  6  inches. 

North  Carolina  to  W.  Indies ;  Mediterranean. 

2.  D.  PERDIX,  Linnaeus.     Fig.  70. 

(Buccinum.)    Syst.  Nat.,  edit.  xii.  1197.    1767. 
Dolium plumatum,  Green,  Trans.  Albany  Inst.,  i.  131.     1830. 

Shell  ovately  oblong,  thin,  inflated,  obliquely  effused  towards 
the  base,  umbilicated;  spire  somewhat  exserted ;  whorls  six  in 
number  with  revolving  ribs  and  grooves  ;  ribs  about  twenty  in 
number,  contiguous,  flatly  convex,  scarcely  raised ;  columella 


44  AMERICAN   MARINE   CONCHOLOGY. 

arched,  lip  simple;  fulvous  brown  or  light-reddish  bay,  marked, 
more  or  less  plentifully,  with  white  lunate  spots,  interior  of  the 
aperture  bluish-white  or  brownish. 
Length  6j,  diam.  4^  inches. 

Southern  Coast,  W.  Indies. 

Genus  CEBITHIOPSIS,  Forbes  and  Hanley. 

Brit.  Moll.,  iii.  864.     1853. 

Shell  turreted,  many-whorled,  dextral,  granulated;  aperture 
subrotund ;  inner  lips  broadly  reflected  ;  outer  lip  acute,  arcuated 
and  produced  anteriorly;  aperture  anteriorly  sinuated  ;  canal 
short.  Operculurn  corneous,  concentric,  nucleus  terminal. 

1.  C.  EMERSONII,  Adams.    Fig.  Tl. 

(CeritMum.)    Bost.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.,  ii.  284,  t.  4,  f.  10. 

Shell  long,  conical;  whorls  seventeen,  flat, each  with  three  rows 
of  granules ;  suture  very  deeply  impressed ;  aperture  small,  sub- 
quadrate,  about  one-sixth  the  length  of  the  shell;  columella 
spirally  twisted;  canal  less  than  half  the  length  of  the  aperture. 
Color  dark  reddish-brown. 

Length  13,  diam.  3  mill. 

Animal  with  a  long  small  foot,  truncate  in  front,  and  notched 
behind,  pale  with  white  flecks;  head  broadly  rounded,  dark  flesh- 
color  in  front. 

New  England. 

2.  C.  TEREBRALIS,  Adams.     Fig.  72. 

Bost.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.,  iii.  320,  t.  3,  f.  7.    1841. 
Elongated ;  whorls  ten  to  twelve,  flattened,  with  three  or  four 
elevated  revolving  ridges  on  each,  with  numerous  fine  longitudinal 
lines  between  the  ridges.     Base  abrupt ;  aperture  oval,  about  one- 
eighth  of  the  total  length  of  the  shell.     Color  reddish-brown. 
Length  12,  diam.  3  mill. 

Animal  whitish,  with  flakes  of  opaque-white,  tentacles  clouded 

Massachusetts.     (Eur.) 

According  to  Gwyn  Jeffrej's  this  is  a  synonym  of  trilineata, 
Phil.  (1836). 

Genus  ACTJS,  Humphrey. 
Mus.  Calonn.     1797. 
Terebra  (part.).     Lamarck,  Prodr.  p.  71.     1799. 

Shell  subulate,  solid,  porcellanous ;  whorls  numerous,  simple  ; 
aperture  small,  emarginate  anteriorly,  not  produced  into  a  canal; 


MARINE   MOLLUSCA   OF   THE   UNITED   STATES.  45 

columella  simple,  incurved,  not  tortuous;  outer  lip  simple,  acute, 
without  a  sinus  at  the  forepart.  Operculum  annular,  nucleus 
apical.  Tentacles  very  short,  with  eyes  at  their  tips.  Mantle 
inclosed,  with  an  elongated  siphon.  Foot  small. 

1.  A.  DISLOCATUS,  Say.    Fig.  73. 

Cerithium.     Journ.  Philad.  Acad.,  ii.  235.     1822. 
Terebro  Petitii.    Kiener,  Spec.  Gen.  37,  t.  13,  f.  32. 

Shell  small,  polished,  attenuated;  whorls  with  numerous,  mi- 
nute, impressed  revolving  lines,  and  fifteen  to  eighteen  transverse 
ribs  to  each  whorl,  which  are  dislocated  or  interrupted  near  the 
summit  of  each  whorl  by  a  revolving  groove  as  deep  as  the  suture; 
color  chocolate-brown  with  a  pale  revolving  band,  ribs  white. 
Length  44,  diam.  8  mill. 

Maryland,  southward. 

2.  A.  CONCAVUS,  Say. 

(Turritella.)    Journ.  Philad.  Acad.,  v.  207.     1826. 

Shell  subulate,  white;  volutions  more  than  ten,  concave  in  the 
middle,  and  sculptured  with  from  two  to  four  obsolete,  impressed 
revolving  lines,  and  with  an  apical  and  basal  band  of  about  fifteen 
longitudinal  undulations  on  each  volution;  the  basal  band  passes 
round  the  middle  of  the  body-whorl;  suture  very  slightly  im- 
pressed, interrupting  the  continuity  of  the  undulations  in  the 
adjacent  bands  ;  canal  rather  prominent. 

Length  13,  diam.  maj.  3  mill. 

South  Carolina. 

t  Genus  OLIVA,  Brugutere. 

Encyc.  Meth.,  i.  15.     1789. 

Shell  cylindrical,  polished  ;  spire  very  short,  suture  channelled ; 
aperture  long,  narrow,  notched  in  front ;  columella  callous,  stri- 
ated obliquely ;  body-whorl  furrowed  near  the  base.  No  opercu- 
lum  in  the  typical  species. 

Animal  with  a  very  large  foot,  in  which  the  shell  is  half  im. 
mersed ;  mantle-lobes  large,  meeting  over  the  back  of  the  shell, 
and  giving  off  filaments  which  lie  in  the  suture  and  furrow.  The 
eyes  are  placed  near  the  tips  of  the  tentacles. 

About  one  hundred  and  twenty  species  ;  subtropical. 


46  AMERICAN   MARINE   CONCHOLOGY. 

1.  0.  LITERATA,  Lamarck.     Fig.  14. 

Ann.  du  Mus.,  xvi.  315.     1811. 
Say,  Am.  Conch.,  i.  pi.  3.     1830. 

Shell  with  a  pale  yellowish-white  ground  color,  thickly  covered 
with  cinereous-rufous  angulated  lines,  leaving  distinct  triangles  of 
the  ground  color;  on  each  side  of  the  middle  is  a  broad  band,  oc- 
casioned by  the  angulated  lines  being  there  of  a  deeper  or  chestnut- 
brown  color ;  the  angulated  lines  at  the  upper  edge  of  the  volu- 
tions are  fasciculated  and  of  the  same  color  as  the  bands. 

Length  50,  diam.  17  mill. 

Southern  Coast. 

A  rather  large  shell,  with  longer  spire,  of  lighter  texture,  and 
more  cylindrical  than  0.  reticularis  of  the  West  Indies,  which  it 
much  resembles. 

2.  0.  MUTICA,  Say.    Figs.  75,  76. 

Journ.  Philad.  Acad.,  ii.  228.     1822. 

Shell  suboval,  white,  or  yellowish-white ;  body-whorl  with  about 
three  revolving  maculated  bands  of  pale  rufous,  of  which  the  su- 
perior one  is  continued  upon  the  spire,  the  intermediate  one  is 
dilated  so  as  to  be  sometimes  confluent  with  the  inferior  one,  which 
is  the  narrowest;  spire  short;  suture  very  narrow;  columella  des- 
titute of  striae. 

Length  10  to  15,  diam.  5  to  7  mill. 

North  Carolina,  southwards. 

A  very  common  species,  generally  of  the  smallest  dimensions 
stated.  In  coloring  it  is  infinitely  variable,  the  ground  color  run- 
ning through  all  shades  from  white  to  dark  chocolate,  with  or  with- 
out bands. 

Family  CONID^E. 

Shell  inversely  conical  or  fusiform;  aperture  long  and  narrow, 
outer  lip  notched  at  or  near  the  suture;  columella  without  plaits. 
Operculum  minute,  lamellar. 

Synopsis  of  Genera. 

Shell  turreted,  fusiform ;  spire  elevated ;  aperture  oval ;  canal  long  and 
straight;  columella  smooth  ;  outer  lip  notched  anteriorly  and  with  a  deep 
slit  near  the  suture.  Operculum  ovate,  nucleus  apical. 

PLEUROTOMA,  Lamarck. 

Shell  turreted ;  spire  raised ;  aperture  oval ;  canal  short,  recurved ;  inner 
lip  thickened;  outer  lip  inflexed,  with  a  deep  posterior  sinus,  and  a  small 
•inus  at  the  forepart.  DKILLIA,  Gray. 


MARINE   MOLLUSC  A    OF   THE   UNITED   STATES.  47 

Shell  ovate,  fusiform,  small ;  surface  dull,  smooth  or  longitudinally  ribbed  ; 
spire  elevated,  shorter  than  the  body -whorl ;  columella  flattened  ;  canal 
short;  outer  lip  with  a  small  sinus  at  its  junction  with  the  body-whorl. 
(This  genus  may  be  known  by  its  flattened  columella.)  Operculum  as 
in  Pleurotoma  (Boreal).  BELA,  Leach. 

Shell  turreted,  apical  whorls  nearly  smooth,  the  others  ribbed.  Posterior 
sinus  of  lip  very  large.  No  operculum.  Animal  without  eyes. 

PLEUROTOMELLA,  Verrill. 

Shell  solid,  subfusiform,  smooth  or  longitudinally  ribbed ;  aperture  linear, 
with  scarcely  any  canal  in  front ;  columella  smooth,  simple;  outer  lip 
acute,  with  a  slight  sinus  posteriorly,  near  the  suture.  No  operculum. 
(Tropical.)  MANGELIA,  Leach. 

Genus  PLEUROTOMA,  Lamarck. 
Prodromus.     1799. 

1.  P.  BICARINATA,  Couthoiiy.     Fig.  77. 

Bost.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.,  ii.  104,  t.  1,  f.  11.    1838. 

Shell  minute,  tapering  at  both  extremities,  turreted  ;  whorls  six, 
convex,  with  numerous  revolving  ribs  and  smaller  ones  inter- 
vening; about  the  middle  a  deep  groove,  with  a  prominent  re- 
volving rib  on  each  side ;  sutures  clearly  defined.  Aperture  nar- 
row, elliptical,  ending  in  a  short  canal  slightly  inclining  to  the 
left;  lip  thin,  toothed  by  the  revolving  ribs,  with  a  slight  notch 
above ;  pillar-lip  arched  at  its  upper  third.  Whitish,  slate-color 
or  dusky-brown. 

Length  7.5,  diam.  3.75  mill. 

Massachusetts  (rare),  Eur. 

2.  P.  BRUNNEA,  Perkins.     Fig.  78. 

Bost.  Proc.  121.     1869. 
P.  plicata,  Adams  (not  Lamarck),  Bost.Journ.  Nat.  Hist.,  iii.  318,  t.  3,  f.  6. 

1840. 
P.  declivis,  Love"n,  1846.     (Jeffreys.) 

Shell  minute,  thick,  fusiform ;  whorls  six,  convex ;  body-whorl 
with  about  twelve  prominent  oblique  folds,  crossed  by  ten  or  more 
revolving  threads,  rendering  the  folds  somewhat  nodulous;  suture 
deeply  impressed;  whorls  above  with  folds  and  revolving  lines; 
spire  pointed,  somewhat  turreted.  Aperture  narrow,  less  than 
half  the  length  of  the  shell ;  lip  arched,  thickened  by  one  of  the 
folds;  notch  above  deep,  distinct  and  smooth.  Canal  short.  Epi- 
dermis ashen-brown;  beneath  this,  white;  lip  brownish  within. 

Length  6,  diam.  3  mill. 

Massachusetts,  Connecticut,  New  York  (rare). 


48  AMERICAN   MARINE    CONCHOLOGY. 

Prof.  Adams'  name  being  preoccupied  by  Lamarck,  Mr.  Per- 
kins has  changed  it  to  brunnea,  as  above. 

3.  P.  CERINA,  Kurtz  and  Stimpson.     Fig.  79. 

Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  iv.  115.    1851. 

Shell  fusiformly  turreted,  waxy  or  cinereous,  with  about  ten 
longitudinal  elevated  plicae,  and  numerous  transverse  striae ;  whorls 
seven,  flattened ;  aperture  oblong,  about  half  equal  to  the  spire ; 
lip  simple. 

Length  7.5,  diam.  2.25  mill. 

Massachusetts  ;  Connecticut ;  North  and  South  Carolina. 

Genus  DEILLIA,  Gray. 
Jardine's  Ann.  Nat.  Hist.,  i.  28.     1838. 
1.  D.  ELOZANTHA,  Ravenel. 

Proc.  Philad.  Acad.,  43.     1861. 

Shell  robust,  conic  cylindrical,  with  ten  whorls,  which  are  bi- 
carinate  by  being  deeply  grooved  immediately  above  the  suture 
and  again  in  the  upper  half  of  the  whorl.  The  ridge  left  between 
these  grooves  is  ornamented  by  ten  strong,  yellow,  smooth,  shining 
tubercles;  the  upper  edge  of  the  whorl  is  again  bevelled,  forming 
the  second  carina,  which  is  not  at  all  nodulous.  Below  the  nodu- 
lous carina  on  the  body-whorl  there  are  obsolete  ribs,  crossed  by 
four  nodulous  ridges,  and  below  these  there  are  eight  others,  some 
of  which  are  obscurely  nodulous ;  on  all  parts  of  the  shell  not 
occupied  by  the  tubercles  or  carina  there  are  numerous  fine  equi- 
distant striae,  requiring  the  glass  to  bring  them  to  view.  Aper- 
ture small,  outer  line  made  oblique  by  the  deep  sinus  of  the  thick 
outer  lip  just  below  the  suture  ;  pillar  nearly  straight,  with  a 
strong  callus.  Color  deep  brown,  with  a  lighter  colored  band 
near  the  extremity  of  the  canal ;  beyond  that,  to  the  extremity  is 
again  almost  bfack.  Allied  to  P.  ornata,  Orb. 

Three  specimens  obtained  from  stomachs  of  fish.  (Ravenel.) 

Charleston,  8.  0. 

Genus  BELA,  Leach. 
Gray,  Ann.  xx.     1847. 

1.  B.  TURRICULA,  Montagu.     Fig.  80. 

(Murex)  Test.  Brit.  262,  t.  9,  f.  1.     1803. 
B.  nobilts  et  scalaris,  Holier. 
B.  Americana,  Packard. 
B.  angulata,  Reeve. 
B.  exarata,  M  tiller  (Morch.) 


MARINE    MOLLUSCA   OF   THE    UNITED    STATES.  49 

Shell  turriculated,  thin,  with  seven  or  eight  shouldered  whorls, 
apex  acute ;  surface  with  twelve  to  fourteen  oblique,  compressed 
ribs,  becoming  obsolete  below  the  middle  of  the  body-whorl,  and 
numerous,  elevated,  spiral  lines  ;  outer  lip  sharp,  canal  short,  open, 
columella  smooth,  arcuate.  White  or  yellowish. 

Length  16,  diana.  6  mill. 

Massachusetts  and  northwards  ;  England. 

Differs  from  the  next  species  by  being  broader,  more  delicate, 
and  by  its  angulately  shouldered  whorls. 

2.  B.  HARPULARIA,  Couthouy.     Fig.  81. 

(Fusus.)  Bost.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.,  ii.  106,  t.  1,  f.  10.  1838. 
Shell  ovate-oblong ;  whorls  six  to  eight,  round-shouldered,  with 
about  eighteen  oblique  rounded  ribs,  crossed  by  fine  revolving 
lines,  ribs  becoming  obsolete  on  lower  part  of  body-whorl.  Brown- 
ish flesh  color.  Aperture  narrow,  outer  lip  sharp,  inner  lip  white, 
smooth,  moderately  arched,  canal  very  short. 

Length  12,  diam,  6  mill. 

Massachusetts,  northward.    (Eur.) 

It  is  constant  in  its  color,  which  differs  from  both  the  preceding 
and  following  species. 

3.  B.  PLEUROTOMARIA,  Couthou}'.     Fig.  82. 

(Fusus.)    Bost.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.,  ii.  107,  t.  1,  f.  9.     1838. 
Fusus  rufus,  Gould  (non  auct.),  Invert.  Mass.  1st  edit.  290.     1841. 
B.  pyramidalis,  Strom. 
B.  VahUi,  Beck. 

Shell  elongated-fusiform,  apex  acute ;  whorls  eight,  slightly 
convex,  with  eighteen  to  twenty  undulating  longitudinal  ribs  and 
equal  interstices  covered  by  very  fine  spiral  striae;  body-whorl 
more  than  half  the  length  of  the  shell,  slightly  shouldered,  the 
ribs  obsolete,  but  spiral  striae  more  conspicuous  on  the  lower  por- 
tion ;  aperture  small  and  narrow,  canal  very  short ;  reddish-fawn 
colored. 

Length  12,  diam.  3.25  mill. 

Cape  Cod,  Mass.,  northward. 

4.  B.  CANCELLATA,  Mighels  and  Adams.     Fig.  83. 

(Fusus.)     Bost.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.,  iv.  52,  t.  4,  f.  18.     1842. 
Shell  turreted,  slender;  with  seven  convex  whorls,  decussated 
by  twenty  longitudinal  ribs  crossed  by  numerous  raised  revolving 
lines,  giving  the  surface  a  cancellated  appearance ;  spire  acuinin- 
4 


50  AMERICAN    MARINE   CONCHOLOGY. 

ate,  apex  acute ;  aperture  small,  narrow,  the  outer  lip  crenated  by 
the  revolving  striae ;  white,  or  tinged  with  purple. 
Length  9,  diam.  4  mill. 

Casco  Bay,  Maine  (rare),  northwards. 

5.  B.  TREVELYANA,  Turton.     Fig.  84. 

(Pleurotoma.)    Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  vii.  351.     1834. 

Pleurotoma  decussata,  Couthouy.  Bost.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.,  ii.  183,  t.  4,  f.  8. 
1839. 

Shell  ovate-fusiform ;  whorls  five  or  six,  convex,  with  twenty- 
five  or  more  minute  longitudinal  ribs  or  folds,  and  numerous  fine 
revolving  striae,  suture  well  marked ;  body-whorl  two-thirds  the 
length  of  the  shell,  the  ribs  becoming  obsolete  on  its  lower  part ; 
aperture  narrow,  oval,  one-half  the  length  of  the  shell ;  white  or 
flesh  color. 

Length  10,  diam.  5  mill. 

Massachusetts,  northward. 

6.  B.  VIOLACEA,  Mighels  and  Adams.    Fig.  85. 

(Pleurotoma.)     Bost.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.,  iv.  51,  t.  4,  f.  21.     1842. 
Defrancia Beckii.  Moll.     1842.     (Jeffreys.) 

Shell  ovate-fusiform  ;  whorls  six,  convex,  longitudinally  slightly 
plicated,  spirally  finely  striate  ;  the  body-whorl  slightly  shouldered 
and  folds  becoming  obsolete  at  its  middle,  spire-whorls  with  a 
median  revolving  carina ;  aperture  small  and  narrow,  canal  very 
short  and  wide.  Dark  purple,  under  a  pale-brown  epidermis. 
Length  7.5,  diam.  3  mill. 

Massachusetts  Bay,  northward  (Eur.). 

7.  B.  UNDATELLA,  Gould. 

Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  viii.  281.    1862. 

Shell  ovately  rhomboidal,  transparent,  white,  shining,  slightly 
spirally  striate  ;«apex  mamillate ;  whorls  four  tabulate  (angulately 
rounded)  with  a  subsntural  impressed  line  and  about  eight  opaque 
longitudinal  undulations ;  aperture  about  half  the  length  of  the 
shell. 

Length  3,  diam.  1.5  mill. 

The  transparency  and  mamillated  tip  of  the  minute  shell  renders 
it  plausible  that  it  may  be  the  young  of  some  larger  species. 
Dredged  in  400  fathoms. 

Coast  of  Georgia. 


MARINE    MOLLUSCA   OP   THE    UNITED    STATES.  51 

Genus  PLEUKOTOMELLA,  Verrill. 
Am.  Journ.  Science,  v.  15.     1873. 
1.  P.  PACKARDII,  Verrill. 

Am.  Journ.  Science,  v.  15.     1873. 

Shell  thin,  fragile,  translucent,  pale  flesh-colored,  moderately 
stout,  with  an  acute,  somewhat  turreted  spire;  whorls  nine,  the 
apical  whorls,  for  about  two  and  a  half  turns,  nearly  smooth,  regu- 
lar, convex,  chestnut-colored;  below  this  the  whorls  are  shoul- 
dered, strongly  convex  in  the  middle,  but  with  a  smooth  concave 
band  below  the  suture,  corresponding  to  the  posterior  notch  in  the 
outer  lip;  the  whorls  are  crossed  below  the  subsutural  band  by 
about  sixteen  strong,  prominent,  rounded,  somewhat  oblique  ribs, 
most  prominent  on  the  middle  of  the  whorl,  but  not  angnlated  ; 
on  the  last  whorl  these  ribs  become  very  oblique  below  the  middle, 
and  follow  the  curve  of  the  edge  of  the  lip,  nearly  filing  out  an- 
teriorly;  the  surface  between  the  ribs  is  marked  by  faint  lilies  of 
growth,  and  by  fine,  unequal,  slightly  raised  revolving  lines,  which 
pass  over  the  ribs  without  interruption.  They  become  more  evi- 
dent on  the  lower  part  of  the  last  whorl,  and  are  very  faint  on  the 
subsutural  band,  which  is  more  decidedly  marked  by  receding, 
strongly  curved  lines  of  growth.  The  aperture  is  rather  broad 
above,  elongated  below,  sub-oval,  outer  lip  very  thin,  sharp,  pro- 
minent above,  separated  from  the  preceding  whorl  by  a  wide  and 
very  deep  sinus,  extending  back  for  about  one-fifth  of  the  circum- 
ference of  the  whorl ;  the  anterior  border  of  the  lip  is  incurved 
near  the  end  and  obliquely  truncate,  forming  a  short,  straight 
canal.  Columella  simple,  nearly  straight,  its  inner  edge  towards 
the  end  sharp  and  obliquely  excurved. 

Length  22,  diam.  12  mill. 

Bay  of  Fundy,  etc. 

Genus  MANGELIA,  Risso. 
Moll.  Eur.  Merid.  f.  101.     1826. 
1.  M.  RUBELLA,  Kurtz  and  Stimpson. 

Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  iv.  115.     1851. 

Shell  ovately  fusiform,  longitudinally  costate,  ribs  elevated, 
acute,  spirally  finely  striate;  whorls  seven,  angulate,  the  last 
three-fourths  the  length  of  the  shell;  aperture  narrow,  one-half  the 
total  length,  lip  thickened,  scarcely  sinuate;  ribs  wax-colored, 


52  AMERICAN    MARINE   CONCHOLOGT. 

interstices  darker,  suture  porcellanous,  last   whorl  numerously 
fasciate. 

Length  10,  diam.  4.5  mill. 

Oak  Island,  North  Carolina. 

This  species  I  have  not  seen,  and  it  has  not  been  figured. 

2.  M.  FILIFORMIS,  Holmes.     Fig.  86. 

Post-Pliocene  Foss.  So.  Car.  69,  t.  11,  f.  9.     1860. 
Shell    fusiform,   costate,   transversely   striate;   costae  smooth, 
somewhat  angulated  at  the  periphery  of  the  middle  whorls  ;  the 
third  whorl  cancellate;  apex  smooth;  base  without  ribs;  striae 
transverse,  numerous,  slightly  waved,  filiform. 

South  Carolina. 

In  general  outline  this  little  shell  resembles  the  young  of  Fusus 
cinereus.  Say,  but  the  smooth  ribs,  nodulous  and  angulated  peri- 
phery of  the  middle  whorls  and  beautiful  filiform  striae,  readily 
distinguish  it  from  that  species. 

3.  M.  LABECULA,  Gould. 

Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  viii.  281.     1862. 

Shell  small,  ovate  fusiform,  waxy,  with  chestnut  markings 
within  and  without  the  lip,  thinly  spiralty  striate,  with  sixteen 
longitudinal  plications  which  become  evanescent  on  the  body- 
whorl  ;  whorls  seven  to  eight  with  a  subsutural  impressed  line  ; 
aperture  small,  oval ;  lip  gibbous,  thickened  without  and  granu- 
late within.  Sinus  scarcely  perceptible. 

Length  7,  diam.  3  mill. 

(Dredged. )     Coast  of  Georgia. 

Family  YOLUTIDJ3. 

Shell  turreted  or  convolute ;  aperture  notched  in  front ;  colu- 
mella  obliquely  plaited.  No  operculum  (typically).  Animal  with 
a  recurved  siphon  ;  foot  very  large,  partly  hiding  the  shell ;  man- 
tle often  lobed  and  reflected  over  the  shell,  eyes  on  the  tentacles 
or  near  their  base. 

Synopsis  of  Genera. 

Shell  ventricose,  thick  ;  spire  short,  apex  mammillated  ;  aperture  large, 
outer  lip  not  thickened,  deeply  notched  in  front ;  columella  with  several 
plaits.  YOLUTA,  Linnaeus. 

Shell  fusiform,  thick ;  spire  elevated,  acute  ;  aperture  small,  notched  in 
front ;  columella  obliquely  plaited  ;  operculum  very  small. 

MITRA,  Humphreys. 


MARINE   MOLLUSCA   OF   THE    UNITED    STATES.  53 

Shell  smooth,  bright ;  spire  short  or  cancelled  ;  aperture  truncated  in  front ; 
columella  plaited ;  outer  lip  of  adult  with  thickened  margin. 

MARGINELLA,  Lamarck. 

Genus  VOLUTA,  Linnaeus. 
Syst.  Nat.,  edit.  x.  729.     1758. 
1.  V.  JUNONIA,  Chemnitz.     Fig.  87. 

Conch.  Cab.,  xi.  t.  177,  f.  1703,  4.  1799. 

Shell  fusiformly  ovate,  spire  short,  obtuse  at  the  apex  ;  whorls 
smooth  or  minutely  decussately  striated,  rather  swollen  around  the 
upper  part;  columella  strongly  four-plaited;  aperture  rather 
long ;  lip  simple  ;  cream  color,  regularly  painted  with  rows  of  deep 

red  spots. 

Georgia,  Florida. 

This  is  the  most  rare  and  valuable  American  marine  shell ;  spe- 
cimens in  good  condition  sell  for  fifty  to  one  hundred  dollars.  Its 
occurrence  has  been  noticed  at  a  number  of  localities,  but  it  is 
never  plentiful. 

Genus  MITBA,  Humphreys. 

Mus.  Gallon.     1797. 
1.  M.  GRANULOSA,  Lamarck.     Fig.  88. 

Anim.  s.  Vert.,  vii.  304.     1822. 

Shell  oblong,  ovate,  spire  acuminately  turreted,  sutures  rather 
deep  ;  whorls  closely  decussated  with  granular  ridges  ;  columella 
four-plaited,  slightly  umbilicated ;  aperture  rather  short. 

North  Carolina,  W.  Indies. 

Genus  MARGINELLA,  Lamarck. 
Prodr.     1799. 

1.  M.  GUTTATA,  Dillwyn.     Fig.  89,  a,  b. 

(Voluta.)     Desc.  Cat.  526.     1817 
Marginella  longivaricosa,  Lamarck,  Anim.  s.  Vert.,  vii.  358.     1822. 

Shell  somewhat  pyriformly  oblong,  flesh-colored,  obscurely  two- 
banded,  flaked  throughout  with  opaque  white  spots  ;  spire  small, 
scarcely  exserted,  callous ;  whorls  rather  gibbous  around  the  upper 
part ;  lip  broadly  thickened,  white,  distantly  spotted  with  reddish- 
fawn. 

North  Carolina  to  West  Indies. 

2.  M.  ROSOIDA,  Redfield.     Fig.  90. 

Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sciences  Philad.,  174.     1860. 
Marginella  apicina  of  American  authors  (not  Menke). 

Shell  rhombic-ovate,  polished,  grayish-brown,  minutely  flecked 


54  AMERICAN    MARINE   CONCHOLOGY. 

with  white  ;  towards  and  upon  the  spire  the  white  spots  tend  to  be 
confluent  in  longitudinal  lines.  Lip  white,  thickened,  obtusely 
reflected,  slightly  denticulated  within,  with  three  external  brown 
spots.  Spire  moderate,  four  whorls  visible,  the  last  one  shouldered 
beneath  the  suture  ;  columella  four-plaited. 
Length  14,  diam.  8  mill. 

North  Carolina  to  Georgia. 

Resembles  M.  apicina  of  West  Indies,  but  distinguished  by  the 
white  flecked  lines ;  the  spire  is  also  more  developed  and  body 
more  angular. 

3.   M.  LACHRYMULA,  Gould. 

Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  viii.  281.     1862. 

Shell  small,  ovate,  white,  translucent,  shining,  very  finely  longi- 
tudinally striate ;  apex  scarcely  prominent,  vitreous ;  aperture  nar- 
row, crescentic ;  lip  obtuse,  varicose  without  and  widely  arcuate 
behind,  crenulate  within  ;  columella  four-plaited. 
Length  1.5,  diam.  1  mill. 
Dredged  in  400  fathoms. 

Coast  of  Georgia. 

This  may  be  distinguished  from  one  or  two  other  minute  species 
found  in  the  W.  Indies  by  its  transparency  and  its  veutricose  form. 

Family  PORCELLANIDJE. 

Shell  convolute,  enamelled ;  spire  concealed ;  aperture  narrow, 
channelled  at  each  end  ;  outer  lip  of  adult  thickened,  inflected. 
No  operculum. 

Animal  with  a  broad  foot,  truncated  in  front ;  mantle  expanded 
on  each  side,  forming  lobes,  which  meet  over  the  back  of  the  shell ; 
these  lobes  are  usually  ornamented  with  tentacular  filaments ;  eyes 
on  the  middle  of  the  tentacles  or  near  their  base  ;  branchial  plume 
single. 

Synopsis  of  Genera. 

Shell  convolute,  smooth,  inner  lip  crenulated.        PORCELLANA,  Rumph. 
Shell  covered  with  transverse  ribs,  inner  lip  crenulated.     TRIVIA,  Gray. 
Shell  smooth,  each  end  produced  into  a  canal ;  inner  lip  smooth,  outer  lip 
reflected,  thickened  externally.  VOLVA,  Bolten. 


MARINE    MOLLUSCA    OF   THE    UNITED    STATES.  55 

Genus  PORCELLANA,  Rumphiua. 

Amboin.  Rarit.  113.     1705. 
Klein,  Tent.  Method.,  83.     1753. 
Cypraa,  Linn.,  Syst.  Nat.,  1172.     1767. 

The  Cowries  or  Cyprseas,  as  they  are  generally  called,  are  gene- 
rally medium  or  large  size  shells  with  a  handsomely  painted  en- 
amelled surface,  covering  and  concealing  the  spire  in  the  adult. 
This  enamel  is  derived  from  the  lobes  of  the  mantle,  which  envelop 
the  shell,  meeting  on  the  back,  where  the  contact  of  the  margins  is 
indicated  by  a  line  of  lighter  color.  In  the  young  shell  the  spire 
is  prominent,  the  outer  lip  thin,  and  the  general  appearance  is 
much  like  that  of  an  Oliva.  The  animal  has  the  power  of  par- 
tially dissolving,  and  then  breaking  its  shell  across  the  back  when 
it  is  necessary  to  provide  room  for  its  growth  ;  it  is,  in  fact,  easier 
to  do  this  than  to  absorb  the  immense  thickness  of  the  lips  previ- 
ously to  adding  to  the  circumference  in  the  ordinary  manner  of 
shell-growth. 

There  are  about  one  hundred  and  fifty  species,  inhabiting  shal- 
low water  near  the  shore,  in  warm  latitudes,  and  feeding  on  zoo- 
phytes. 

1.  P.  EXANTHEMA,  Linnaeus.     Fig.  91. 

Syst.  Nat.,  edit.  xii.  1172.     1767. 

Shell  elongately  ovate,  rather  thick,  extremities  slightly  trun- 
cated; back  fulvous-brown,  ornamented  with  round  white  spots; 
base  pale  fulvous,  teeth  chestnut-brown. 

Worth  Carolina,  West  Indies. 

A  single  specimen  has  been  found  at  Fort  Macon,  N.  C.  It  will, 
doubtless,  be  discovered  at  other  points  on  the  southern  coast. 

Genus  TRIVIA,  Gray. 
Desc.  Cat.  Cypr.     1832. 
1.  T.  QUADRTPUNCTATA,  Gray.     Fig.  92. 

Zool.  Journ.  iii.,  368.     1827. 
C.  rotunda,  Kiener,  Coq.  Viv.,  141,  t.  53,  f.  2. 

Shell  rotundately  ovate,  extremities  obtuse,  transversely  very 
finely  ribbed,  with  a  linear  dorsal  groove ;  light  rose  color,  back 
ornamented  with  four  conspicuous  red  dots,  two  on  each  side  of  a 
dorsal  groove,  alternating  one  with  the  other. 

North  Carolina  to  West  Indies. 


56  AMERICAN   MARINE   CONCHOLOGY. 

i 

Genus  VOLVA,  Bolten. 

Museum.     1798. 
1.  Y.  UNIPLICATA,  Sowerby.     Fig.  93. 

(Ovulum.)    Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  135.     1848. 

Shell  narrowty  oblong,  rather  thin,  whitish  or  orange-rose,  ex- 
tremities rather  produced,  blunt,  back  transversely  minutely  stri- 
ated ;  lip  moderately  thickened,  flexuous,  widely  sinuated  at  the 
lower  part ;  columella  plicate  above. 

South  Carolina,  southwards. 

ORDER  I.  PROSOBRANCHIATA. 

Section  B.  HOLOSTOMATA.    Sea-snails. 

Shell  spiral  or  limpet-shaped ;  rarely  tubular  or  multivalve ; 
margin  of  the  aperture  generally  entire ;  operculum  horny  or 
shelly,  usually  spiral.  Animal  with  a  short  non-retractile  muzzle; 
respiratory  siphon  wanting,  or  formed  by  a  lobe  developed  from 
the  neck ;  gills  pectinated  or  plume-like,  placed  obliquely  across 
the  back,  or  attached  to  the  right  side  of  the  neck ;  neck  and  sides 
frequently  ornamented  with  lappets  and  tentacular  filaments. 
Mostly  phytophagous.  Aperture  channelled  in  front,  with  a  less 
distinct  posterior  canal. 

I.  Aperture  entire.    Shell  globular  or  turbimform. 
Family  I.  NATIGIDJE.     Shell  globular,  few-whorled  ;  spire  .small, 
obtuse  ;  aperture  semilunar ;  lip  acute ;  pillar  often  callous. 

II.  Shell  elongated. 

Family  II.  PYRAMIDELLID^E.  Shell  spiral,  turreted;  nucleus 
minute,  sinistral ;  aperture  small ;  columella  sometimes  with  one 
or  more  prominent  plaits ;  operculum  horny,  imbricated ;  nucleus 
internal. 

Family  III.  CERITHLAJLE.  Shell  spiral,  elongated,  man y-whorled, 
frequently  varicose  ;  lip  generally  expanded  in  the  adult ;  opercu- 
lum horny  and  spiral. 

Family  V.  TURRITELLID^E.  Shell  tubular  or  spiral,  upper  part 
partitioned  off;  aperture  simple;  operculum  horny, many  whorled. 

Family  VI.  LITTORINID^E.  Shell  spiral,  turbinated,  or  depressed, 
never  pearly ;  aperture  rounded ;  peristome  entire ;  operculum 
horny,  pauci-spiral. 

Family  IX.  TURBINID^B.  Shell  spiral,  turbinated,  or  pyramidal, 


MARINE    MOLLUSCA   OP   THE   UNITED   STATES.  5T 

nacreous  inside  ;  operculum  calcareous  and  pauci-spiral,  or  horny 
and  multispiral. 

III.  Shell  ear  or  limpet  shaped,  scarcely  spiral;  aperture  basal,  very  large. 

Family  X.  JANTHINID^E.  Shell  spiral,  turbiniform;  fragile; 
aperture  large ;  outer  lip  notched  in  the  middle ;  no  operculum. 

Family  XL  FissuRELLnx<E.  Shell  conical,  limpet-shaped;  apex 
recurved ;  nucleus  spiral,  often  disappearing  in  the  course  of 
growth  ;  anterior  margin  notched  or  apex  perforated ;  muscular 
impression  horse-shoe  shaped,  open  in  front. 

Family  XII.  CALYPTR^EID^E.  Shell  limpet-like,  with  the  apex 
more  or  less  spiral ;  interior  simple  or  divided  by  a  shelly  process, 
variously  shaped,  to  which  the  adductor  muscles  are  attached. 

Family  XIII.  PATELLID^E.  Shell  conical,  limpet-shaped,  the 
apex  entire  and  turned  forwards ;  muscular  impression  horse-shoe 
shaped,  open  in  front. 

Family  X  Y.  CHITONID^.  Shell  oval,  composed  of  eight  transverse 
imbricating  plates,  lodged  in  a  coriaceous  mantle,  which  forms 
an  expanded  margin  round  the  body. 

IV.  Shell  tubular,  symmetrical,  open  at  both  ends  ;  not  spiral. 
Family  XIY.  DENTALIAD^E.     (The  tooth  shells.) 

Family  I.  NATICID.E. 

The  Natices,  although  possessing  shells  with  entire  apertures, 

are  carnivorous  animals,  feeding  principally  on  small  bivalves, 

boring  small  round  holes  through  their  shells  and  rasping  out  the 

meat. 

Synopsis  of  Genera. 

Shell  sub-globose ;  spire  rather  elevated ;  aperture  semilunar ;  columella 
adherent  to  and  spirally  produced  into  the  umbilicus  ;  apex  more  or  less 
dilated  and  truncate  ;  more  rarely  convex  or  rounded  ;  operculum  horny, 
with  a  calcareous  outer  layer.  '  NATICA,  Adanson. 

Shell  oval,  subglobose  ;  spire  rather  elevated  ;  aperture  semiluuar ;  inner 
lip  thin  or  with  a  moderate  callus;  umbilicus  wide,  pervious,  not  funicu- 
late.  Operculum  simple,  cartilaginous.  LUNATIA,  Gray. 

Shell  orbicular,  depressed  ;  spire  flattened  ;  aperture  wide,  semilunar  ;  inner 
lip  straight,  callous ;  columella  adherent  to  and  spirally  contorted  into 
the  umbilicus  ;  apex  more  or  less  dilated  and  truncate,  Operculum  .simple, 
cartilaginous.  NEVERITA,  Risso. 

Shell  ovate  or  subovate,  solid,  smooth,  usually  without  epidermis ;  spire 
small,  acute,  whorls  simple  ;  aperture  semicircular ;  inner  lip  oblique, 
thickened,  callous ;  umbilicus  funiculate ;  aperture  adherent  to  and 


58  AMERICAN   MARINE   CONCHOLOGY. 

spirally  contorted  into  the  umbilicus,  the  apex  more  or  less  dilated,  con- 
vex, and  rounded.     Operculum  large,  horny,  simple.     MAMMA,  Klein. 

Shell  ventricose,  imperforate  ;  spire  with  the  apex  acute  ;  whorls  smooth, 
without  epidermis  ;  aperture  very  wide  ;  inner  lip  with  a  large  smooth 
callus  covering  part  of  the  body-whorl  and  concealing  the  umbilicus. 

BULBUS,  Bronn. 

Shell  longitudinally  oval,  thin,  smooth,  white,  not  umbilicated,  covered  with 
a  light-brown  epidermis ;  spire  elevated,  suture  canaliculated  ;  aperture 
oval,  produced  in  front.  Operculum  pauci-spiral,  horny,  thin. 

AMAUKOPSIS,  Morch. 

Shell  oval,  flattened,  ear-shaped,  striated ;  spire  minute,  depressed  ;  aper- 
ture very  wide,  oblique  ;  umbilicus  none  ;  inner  lip  curved  posteriorly  and 
spread  thinly  over  the  body -whorl.  Operculum  very  small  and  rudi- 
mentary. SIGARETUS,  Lamarck. 

Shell  thin,  small,  ear-shaped,  pellucid,  fragile  ;  spire  very  small ;  aperture 
large,  patulous  ;  inner  lip  receding.  No  operculum. 

MARSENINA,  Gray. 

Shell  thin,  small,  subglobose,  composed  of  two  rapidly  enlarging  volutions ; 
aperture  large,  subovate  ;  lip  thin,  not  joined  behind  ;  usually  covered 
with  a  velvety  epidermis.  No  operculum.  VELUTINA,  Blainville. 

Genus  NATICA,  Adanson. 
Hist.  Nat.  Senegal,  172.     1757. 

1.  N.  AFFINIS,  Gmelin.     Fig.  94. 

(Nerita.)     Syst.  Nat.,  3675.     1790. 
N.  dausa,  Brod.  et  Sowb.  Zool.  Journ.,  iv.  360.     1829. 
JV.  consolidates,  Couthouy,  Bost.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.,  ii.  89,  t.3,  f.  14.     1838. 

Shell  subglobose ;  whorls  four  or  five,  subconvex,  partially 
flattened  or  even  concave  near  the  sutures  ;  spire  very  short,  ob- 
tuse ;  suture  distinct ;  aperture  oval,  widest  above ;  lip  sharp, 
thickened,  and  rounded  towards  the  umbilicus  ;  callus  depressed, 
enlarged  at  the  upper  angle,  and  in  mature  specimens  quite  con- 
cealing the  umbilicus  ;  epidermis  thin,  greenish-brown.  Opercu- 
lum and  throat  milk-white. 

Length  12.5,  diameter  14  mill. 

Obtained  from  stomachs  of  fishes. 

Cape  Cod,  Mass.,  northwards  (Eur.). 

2.  N.  PUSILLA,  Say.     Fig.  95. 

Jour.  Philada.  Acad.  Nat.  Sciences,  ii.  257.     1822. 
Shell  thin,  suboval,  cinereous,  or  rufous,  with  sometimes  one 
or   two   obsolete,  dilated,    revolving   bands ;    columella    callous ; 
callus   pressed   laterally  into  the  umbilicus,  whitish ;    umbilicus 


MARINE    MOLLUSCA    OF   THE   UNITED    STATES.  59 

nearly  closed  and  consisting  only  of  an  arcuated,  linear,  vertical, 
aperture. 

Length  about  6  mill. 

Buzzard's  Bay.    Dredged  in  three  to  eight  fathoms.   (Stimpson.) 

Massachusetts  to  N.  Carolina. 

Genus  LUNATIA,  Gray. 
Zool.  Proc.     1847. 

1.  L.  HEROS,  Say.     Fig.  96,  97  (triseriata),  98  (Nidus*),  99  (Ani- 

mal). 

(Natica.)     Journ.  Plrilada.  Acad.,  ii.  248.     1822. 
N.  catenoides,  S.  Wood,  1848  (teste  Jeffreys.) 
Var.  N.  triseriata  Say.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.,  v.  209. 

Shell  large,  thick,  globular-ovate;  whorls  five,  convex;  spire 
considerably  elevated.  Aperture  oval ;  the  callus  reflected  over  a 
small  portion  of  the  large,  patulous,  and  coarsely  wrinkled  um- 
bilicus. Epidermis  thin  and  yellowish;  beneath  this,  ashen  gray. 
Aperture  dark  reddish-brown  occasionally  tinged  with  yellowish. 

Occasionally  grows  to  the  length  of  five  inches.  The  young 
shell  is  sometimes  marked  by  three  revolving  series  of  parallel 
oblong  brown  spots,  twelve  or  fourteen  in  each  row  (N.  triseriata). 
These  markings  are  lost  on  the  subsequent  whorls. 

The  nidus  is  composed  of  sand  agglutinated  into  a  bowl-shaped 
mass,  open  at  the  top.  The  eggs  are  attached  to  the  interior  sur- 
face. 

This  ma}'' be  the  N.ampullaria  of  Lamarck,  as  surmised  by  some 
of  our  conchologists,  but  the  description  does  not  sufficiently 
characterize  it. 

New  England,  southward  to  New  Jersey. 

2.  L.  GRCENLANDICA,  Moller.    Fig.  100. 

(Natica.)     Faun.  Groenl.,  7.    -1842. 
Nalica  pusilla,  Gould  (not  Say),  Invert.  Mass.,  edit.  i.  237,  f.  166.    1841. 

Shell  suboval,  smooth,  glossy  or  with  faint  incremental  and  re- 
volving lines;  whorls  four,  regularly  rounded  ;  spire  moderately 
elevated,  obtuse ;  suture  distinct  and  deep  ;  lip  sharp,  acute  ;  callus 
pressed  laterally  into  the  umbilicus,  leaving  a  narrow  curved  linear 
opening.  Epidermis  ash-colored,  beneath  bluish-white. 
Length  12.5,  diam.  11  mill. 

Massachusetts  northwards. 


60  AMERICAN   MARINE   CONCHOLOGY. 

Genus  NEVEEITA,  Risso. 
Moll.  Eur.  Merid.,  iv.  149.     1826. 

1.  N.  DUPLICATA,  Say.     Fig.  101. 

(Natica.)  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  ii.  247.  1822. 
Shell  solid,  subglobose ;  whorls  five,  somewhat  convexly  flat- 
tened above;  aperture  oval,  oblique;  umbilicus  irregular,  with  a 
deep  furrow,  and  almost  entirely  covered  by  a  thick  callus. 
Color  ashen-gray,  within  deep  chestnut-brown;  callus  of  the  same 
color. 

Length  25-50,  diam.  2T-55  mill. 

New  England  to  Georgia. 

Genus  MAMMA,  Klein. 
Ostracol.  21.     1753. 
1.  M.  IMMACULATA,  Totten.     Fig.  102. 

(Natica.)  Amer.  Journ.  Sci.,  xxviii.  357  f.  6.  1835. 
Shell  small,  solid,  longitudinally  suboval.  Whorl  about  five, 
the  upper  ones  very  slightly  convex;  apex  short  and  pointed,  su- 
ture not  impressed  ;  the  body-whorl  convex  and  elongated  be- 
neath. Aperture  narrow,  regularly  and  somewhat  acutely  curvett 
at  the  base.  Umbilicus  rounded  and  deep,  scarcely  modified  by 
the  callus,  which  is  not  very  copious,  but  forms  a  deposit  under 
the  upper  part  of  the  lip,  and  causes  a  white  spiral  line  to  appear 
externally  just  below  the  suture.  Epidermis  thin,  greenish-yellow, 
beneath  milk  white. 

Length  7,  diam.  5.5  mill. 

Maine  to  New  York. 

Genus  BTJLBUS,  Brown. 
Proc.  Geol.  Soc.,  iii.  119.     1839. 
1.  B.  SMITHII,  Btown.     Fig.  103. 

Natica  flava,  Gould,  Am.  Journ.  Science,  xxxviii.  196.     1840. 
Natica  aperta,  Loven,  Index  Moll.  Scand.     1846. 

Shell  globular,  inflated,  thin  and  light ;  whorls  four,  rounded, 
slightly  compressed  above  near  the  suture,  with  very  minute  in- 
cremental and  revolving  striae ;  spire  little  elevated ;  pillar-lip 
with  a  curve  in  its  middle ;  the  callus  contracting  and  obliterating 
the  umbilicus,  which  is  deeply  indented  ;  epidermis  light  yellowish, 
white  underneath ;  callus  ivory  white. 

Maine  northwards  (Eur.). 


MARINE   MOLLUSC  A  OP  THE   UNITED   STATES.  6 

Genus  AMATJBOPSIS,  Morch. 

1.  A.  ISLANDICA,  Gmelin.     Fig.  104. 
(Nerita.}     Syst.  Nat.  3675.     1790. 

Natica  hettcoides,  Johnston,  Trans.  Berw.  Club,  i.  69,  266.     1835. 
Natica  canaUculata,  Gould,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.,  xxxviii.  197.     1840. 

Shell  subglobose,  rather  ponderous,  dingy-white,  nearly  smooth 
and  somewhat  gloss}',  covered  with  a  dark  gamboge-colored  epi- 
dermis ;  whorls  four,  the  upper  portion  of  each  turning  before  it 
joins  the  preceding  whorl,  so  as  to  form  a  broad,  shallow  canal  at 
the  suture,  and  giving  the  spire  a  turreted  appearance ;  aperture 
about  two-thirds  the  length  of  the  shell,  nearly  semicircular ;  lip 
sharp,  a  little  spreading  in  front,  the  inner  margin  nearly  a  straight 
line,  and  overspread  with  a  thick  callus  j  interior  white  ;  umbilical 
opening  a  mere  slit,  generally  none. 

Length  27.5,  diam.  18  mill. 

Resembles  in  shape  Paludina  pon derosa. 

Massachusetts  northwards  (Eur.). 

Genus  SIGABETTJS,  Lamarck. 

Prodr.  77.     1799. 

H.  and  A.  Adams,  and  others,  use  the  generic  name  Catinus, 
Klein,  in  preference  to  that  given  by  Lamarck,  but  Klein's  genus 
is  named  "Catinus  lactis,"  and  is,  therefore,  not  admissible. 

1.  C.  PERSPECTIVUS,  Say.    Fig.  105. 

Am.  Conch.,  iii.  t.  25.     1831. 

Shell  ovate,  elongate,  depressed.  Surface  with  numerous  im- 
pressed, transverse,  slightly  undulated  lines,  crossed  by  revolving 
striae  which  become  obsolete  beneath.  Aperture  more  than  three- 
fourths  the  entire  area  of  the  shell.  Whorls  three ;  spire  de- 
pressed, smooth;  suture  distinct,  but  not  deeply  impressed. 
Milk-white,  sometimes  tinged  with  brown;  within  smooth  and 
polished,  and  faintly  iridescent. 

Length  3t,  of  aperture  24  mill. 

New  York,  southwards. 

2.  C.  MACULATUS,  Say.     Fig.  106. 

Am.  Conch.,  iii.  t.  25.     1831. 

Shell  with  numerous  transverse  hardly  undulated  impressed 
lines  and  longitudinal  wrinkles;  spire  scarcely  prominent,  slightly 
convex ;  whorls  about  three ;  suture  a  simple  impressed  line. 


62  AMERICAN   MARINE   CONCHOLOGY. 

Color  whitish,  with  two  bands  of  pale  rufous  spots  and  a  rufous 
baud  near  the  suture. 

Southern  Coast. 

A  doubtful  species ;  has  not  been  recently  detected. 

Genus  MARSENINA,  Gray. 

1.  M.  PERSPICUA,  Linnaeus.     Fig.  107. 

(Helix.)    Syst.  Nat.,  edit.  xii.  1260.     1767. 
Helix  haliotoidea,  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  edit.  xii.  1250.     1757. 
Sigaretus  haliotoideus,  Lamarck,  Anim.  s.  Vert.,  vi.  208.     1822. 
Oxynoe  glabra,  Couthouy,  Bost.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.,  ii.  90,  t.  3,  f.  16.    1838. 

Shall    small,    obliquely   ovate,    pellucid,   white,    compressed, 
smooth  ;  aperture  very  large ;  whorls  two. 
Length  12.5,  diam.  10  mill. 

Coast  of  Massachusetts  ;  Northern  Europe. 

Genus  VELTTTINA,  Blainville. 
Malacol.  468.     1825. 

1.  Y.  L.EVIGATA,  Linnaeus.     Fig.  108. 

(Helix.)     Syst.  Nat.,  edit.  xii.  1250.     1767. 
Helix  haliotoidea,  Fabricius,  Fauna  Grcenl.  No.  387.     1780. 
Sulla  velutina,  Mailer,  Zool.  Daii.  iii.  t.  101,  f.  1-4.     1789. 
Velutina  capuloidea,  Blainville,  Malacol.  t.  42,  f.  4.  .  1825. 
Velutina  rupicola,  Conrad.  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  vi.  266.     1831. 

Shell  small  oval,  very  thin  and  fragile.  Whorls  three;  the 
body-whorl  with  faint  concentric  striae ;  spire  slightly  raised, 
smooth  at  the  apex.  Aperture  regularly  oval.  Epidermis,  when 
not  abraded,  thick  and  raised,  more  conspicuous  on  the  concentric 
lines.  Dusky  brown  with  numerous  revolving  raised  rufous  lines. 

Length  7.5,  diam.  6.25  mill. 

.  .•-*          Cape  Cod,  Massachusetts,  northwards  (Eur.). 

This  shell  is  extremely  fragile,  seeming  to  consist  principally 
of  epidermis.  European  specimens  attain  larger  dimensions  and 
are  more  solid. 

2.  Y.  ZONATA,  Gould.     Fig.  109. 

Invert.  Mass.,  edit.  i.  242,  f.  160.    1827. 

Shell  small,  ovate,  moderately  thin ;  spire  not  raised.  Whorls 
three;  the  two  upper  ones  scarcely  distinct;  suture  deeply  im- 
pressed, striated  with  revolving  lines  and  superficial  concentric 
furrows.  Aperture  regularly  oval;  lip  expanded,  exceedingly 


MARINE   MOLLUSCA   OP   THE    UNITED    STATES.  63 

thin  and  fragile ;  pillar  lip  flattened,  and  with  a  small  superficial 
fold.  Epidermis  whitish  or  reddish-brown,  with  numerous  bands 
of  brown ;  pillar  white. 

Length  10,  diam.  12.5  mill. 

Generally  covered  with  a  calcareous  incrustation  ;  underneath 
zoned  or  frequently  entirely  white  or  flesh  color. 

Coralline,  on  stones,  dredged  in  14  to  40  fathoms. 

Massachusetts  northwards  (Eur.). 

Family  PYRAMIDELLID^E. 

The  animal,  in  this  family,  is  provided  with  broad,  ear-shaped 
tentacles  which  are  often  connate,  with  eyes  behind  them  at  their 
bases;  proboscis  retractile;  foot  truncated  in  front;  the  tongue 
unarmed. 

Synopsis  of  Genera. 

Shell  subulate,  tnrreted,  many-whorled,  smooth;  spire  pointed,  nucleus 
sinistral ;  aperture  semi-oval,  entire,  rounded  anteriorly ;  columella 
straight,  plicated ;  outer  lip  acute.  OBELISCUS,  Humphrey. 

Shell  slender,  elongated,  many-whorled,  longitudinally  ribbed;  apex  of 
spire  with  a  persistent,  embryonic,  sinistral  nucleus ;  aperture  oblong  or 
subquadrate,  peristome  incomplete ;  columella  straight,  simple,  edentujate 
and  without  a  plait.  TURBONILLA,  Risso. 

Shell  turreted,  subulate  or  ovate,  smooth  or  transversely  striated ;  apex  of 
spire  sinistral ;  aperture  ovate,  peristome  not  continuous ;  columellar  lip 
with  a  single  tooth-like  fold.  ODOSTOMIA,  Fleming. 

Shell  turreted,  many-whorled,  whorls  smooth  or  spirally  striated ;  aperture 
oval  or  rounded  ;  inner  lip  simple,  without  plaits  or  teeth,  base  often  per- 
forated. ACLIS,  Loven. 

Shell  elongated,  imperforate,  many-whorled,  transversely  striated ;  aperture 
small,  ovate,  entire  in  front ;  columellar  lip  smooth  or  obscurely  plaited. 

MENESTHO,  Moller. 

Shell  elongated,  white,  smooth,  polished ;  spire  produced,  many-whorled, 
frequently  with  an  interrupted  varix  on  one  side,  apex  acute ;  aperture 
oval,  pointed  behind ;  inner  lip  reflected  over  the  pillar ;  axis  imperforated  ; 
outer  lip  thickened  internally.  EULIMA,  Risso. 

Shell  subulate  or  subglobose,  thin,  pellucid,  smooth,  polished,  many- 
whorled  ;  apex  of  spire  produced  and  styliform,  with  a  sinistral  nucleus  ; 
aperture  sub-ovate,  pointed  behind,  rounded  and  entire  in  front ;  inner  lip 
smooth,  arcuated  ;  outer  lip  thin,  simple.  STYLIFER,  Broderip. 


64  AMERICAN  MARINE   CONCHOLOGY. 

Genus  OBELISCUS,  Humphrey. 
Mus.  Calonn.     1797. 

1.  0.  CRENULATUS,  Hglmes.     Fig.  110. 

Post  Pliocene  Foss.  So.  Car.  88,  t.  13,  f.  14.  I860. 
Shell  subulate,  smooth,  angularly  channelled  at  the  suture,  which 
is  crenulated  on  the  lower  whorls  only ;  columella  with  three  folds, 
the  superior  one  large  and  acute,  the  others  small;  outer  lip  with 
four  small  teeth  internally;  whorls  fourteen  to  sixteen;  with  two 
indistinct  opaque  revolving  bauds,  which  are  sometimes  obsolete. 

North  and  South  Carolina. 

Genus  TTJREONILLA,  Risso. 
Hist.  Nat.  Eur.  Merid.,  iv.  224.     1826. 
Chemnitzia,  Orb.  Webb  and  Berthol.  Hist.  Nat.  lies  Canaries.     1839. 

1.  T.  INTERRUPTA,  Totten.     Fig.  111. 

(Turritella)  Am.  Journ.  Science,  xxviii.  352,  f.  7.  1834. 
Shell  small  and  slender,  whorls  ten,  almost  flat,  on  which  are 
twenty  to  thirty  transverse  obtuse  ribs,  crossed  by  about  fourteen 
subequal  revolving  lines  interrupted  by  the  ribs;  these  are 
arranged  in  pairs,  so  closely  applied  as  often  to  be  confounded  in 
one;  below  the  middle  of  the  body-whorl,  the  ribs  become  obsolete, 
and  the  revolving  lines  are  uninterrupted ;  a  slight  shoulder  on 
each  whorl  causes  the  sutures  to  be  quite  distinct.  Aperture 
ovate,  sharply  angular  above;  inner  lip  slightly  everted.  Whitish- 
brown  or  amber-colored. 

Length  6.25,  diam.  2.4  mill. 

Mass,  to  North  Carolina. 

2.  T.  NIVEA,  Stimpson.     Fig.  112. 

Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  iv.  114.     1851. 

Shell  aciculated,  sub-cylindrical,  white  shining  ;  whorls  eleven, 
flattened,  longitudinally  plicate ;  folds  straight,  interstices  per- 
fectly smooth. 

Length  7,  diam.  1  mill. 

Animal  white ;  head  short ;  tentacles  triangular,  very  broad, 
with  the  eyes  at  nearly  the  middle  of  their  bases ;  foot  elongated, 
with  an  arcuated  indentation  at  its  anterior  terminus. 

This  species  differs  from  T.  interrupta  in  being  more  slender,  in 
wanting  revolving  lines,  and  also  totally  in  its  station,  tlie  deeper 
parts  of  the  Coralline  Zone.  Taken  in  forty  fathoms,  on  a  muddy 
and  gravelly  bottom. 

Grand  Manan  Island,  Bay  of  Fundy. 


MARINE   MOLLUSCA   OF   THE    UNITED    STATES.  65 

3.  T.  ELEGANS,  Yerrill.     Fig.  113. 

Am.  Journ.  Science,  3d  ser.  iii.  282,  t.  6.  f.  4.     1872. 

Shell  light  yellowish,  elongated,  moderately  slender,  acute. 
Whorls  ten  or  more,  well  rounded,  not  distinctly  flattened;  suture 
rather  deeply  impressed  ;  surface  somewhat  lustrous,  with  numer- 
ous rounded  vertical  costse,  narrower  than  the  concave  interspaces, 
fading  out  below  the  middle  of  the  last  whorl ;  and  with  numerous 
fine  revolving  grooves,  interrupted  on  the  costse;  on  the  upper 
whorls  there  are  about  five ;  and  on  the  lower  half  of  the  last  whorl 
usually  five  or  six  distinct  and  continuous  ones.  Aperture  broad 
oval,  anteriorly  rounded  and  slightly  effuse ;  outer  lip  thin,  sharp  ; 
columella  nearly  straight  at  base  within,  slightly  revolute,  out- 
wardly, regularly  curved  anteriorly  where  it  joins  the  outer  lip, 
and  not  forming  an  angle  with  it.  The  epidermis  is  thin,  light 
yellow,  sometimes  with  a  darker,  yellowish  revolving  band  on  the 
middle  of  the  last  whorls,  and  also  with  the  revolving  striae  darker. 

Length  5,  diam.  1.7  mill. 

Less  slender  than  T.  interrupts  with  more  rounded  whorls. 
(Dredged  in  8-10  fathoms.) 

Vineyard  Sound. 

Doubtful  and  Undetermined  Species. 

4.  T.  TEXTILIS,  Kurtz. 

Cat.  Mar.  Shells,  8.     1860. 

Whorls   six   or   seven,   shouldered,  thick-set  with  prominent, 
smooth,  longitudinal  ribs,  the  interspaces  crossed  by  impressed 
revolving  lines.     White,  waxy  or  chalky. 
Length  3,  diam.  1.15  mill. 

Fort  Johnson,  S.  C. 

5.  T.  SPIRATA,  Kurtz  and  Stimpson. 

(Chemnitzia.)    Bost.  Proc.,  iv.  115.     1851. 

Shell   ovate-conical,  umbilicate,  white,   shining;    with   minute 
transverse  striae ;  whorls  six,  flat,  angulate  in  front ;  suture  pro- 
found ;  aperture  small,  ovate ;  columella  edentulous. 
Length  2.5,  diam.  8  mill. 

North  Carolina. 

6.  T.  CURTINA,  Gould. 

(Chrysallida.)     Bost.  Proc.,  viii.  280.     1862. 

Shell  minute,  ovately  turreted,  whitish;  whorls  six  to  seven, 
convex,  cancellate  by  four  series  of  granules ;  last  whorl  about 
5 


66  AMERICAN    MARINE   CONCHOLOGY. 

half  the  total  length  ;  aperture  narrow,  produced  in  front ;  colu- 
rnella  with  a  minute  posterior  plica. 

Length  5,  diam.  2  mill. 

South  Carolina. 

It  has  the  aperture,  and  in  general  the  sculpture  of  Chemnitzia, 
with  the  columellar  fold  of  Odostomia. 

7.  T.  SUTURALIS,  Gould. 

(Dunkeria.}     Bost.  Proc.,  viii.  280.     1862. 

Shell  minute,  ivory  white,  turreted ;  whorls  seven  to  eight,  con- 
vex, with  ten  to  twelve  longitudinal  plications  (evanescent  above) 
and  thin  revolving  striae,  of  which  a  subsutural  one  is  well  im- 
pressed; last  whorl  less  than  half  the  total  length;  aperture 
lunate,  small. 

Length  3,  diam.  1  mill. 

Fort  Johnson,  Charleston,  8.  C. 

Genus  ODOSTOMIA,  Fleming. 
Brit.  Anim.  297,  310.     1828. 

This  genus  consists  of  small,  usually  white,  smooth,  solid  and 
enamelled  shells,  with  the  inner  lip  always  toothed  ;  they  range 
from  low-water  to  forty  fathoms. 

1.  0.  PRODUCTA,  Adams.     Fig.  114. 

(Jaminea.)    Bost.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.,  iii.  322,  t.  3,  f.  8.     1840. 
Shell  small,  conic-cylindrical ;    whorls   eight,  nearly   flat ;  epi- 
dermis light-brown  ;  columella  flexuous. 
Length  5  millimetres. 

More  slender  than  0.  fusca,  with  one  or  two  more  whorls, 
which  are  less  convex  and  with  no  approach  to  an  umbilicus. 

Massachusetts. 

2.  0.  PUSCA,  Adams.     Fig.  115. 

(Pyramis.)  Bost.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.,  ii.  282,  t.  4,  f.  9.  1839. 
Shell  small,  subelongate,  conical ;  spire  truncate,  obtuse  ;  whorls 
six,  convex  ;  suture  strongly  impressed,  and  with  a  revolving  line 
below  it,  causing  it  to  appear  double.  Aperture  broadly  ovate, 
acutely  angular  above,  dilated  in  the  middle.  Fold  on  the  pillar- 
lip  far  within,  occasionally  double,  and  in  some  cases  obsolete  ;  an 
umbilical  indentation  about  the  middle  of  the  left  lip.  Epidermis 
shining  brown. 

Length  6  mill. 

New  England;  New  York. 


MARINE   MOLLUSC  A    OP   THE    UNITED    STATES.  6t 

Closely  allied  to  0.  bisuturalis,  but  is  shorter,  and  spire  less 
acute  ;  whorls  flatter  and  color  darker. 

3.  O.  DEALBATA,  Stimpson.     Fig.  116. 

(.Ohemnitzia.)     Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  iv.  114.     1851. 
Shell  ovate-conic,  white,  smooth,  pellucid ;  whorls  six,  rather 
convex;  aperture  ovate,  hardly  effuse;  furnished  with  a  small  in- 
conspicuous fold. 

Length  4,  diam.  1.5  mill. 

It  is  broader  than  0.  bisuturalis,  but  has  not  so  sharp  an  apex, 
and  wants  the  revolving  line. 

Dredged  in  three  fathoms,  on  a  shelly  bottom. 

Boston  Harbor. 

4.  0.  MODESTA,  Stimpson.     Fig.  lit. 

(Chemnitzia.)     Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  iv.  16.     1851. 
Shell  small,  conic,  white,  smooth ;  whorls   four,  flattened,  the 
last  medially  sub-angulated ;  suture  impressed  ;    aperture  unipli- 
cate,  sub-rhomboid. 

Length  3.5,  diam.  1.5  mill. 

This  species  is  more  angular  than  0.  bisuturalis,  and  has  no 
revolving  line  just  below  the  suture  as  in  that  shell.  It  is  very 
like  the  British  0.  unidentata.  It  inhabits  the  Coralline  Zone. 

St.  George's  Banks. 

5.  0.  BISUTURALIS,  Say.     Fig.  118. 

(Turritella.}     Journ.  Pliilad.  Acad.,  ii.  244.     1821. 
CTiemnitzia  bisuturalis,  Stimpson,  Shells  of  N.  England,  42.     1851. 
Jaminea  exigua,  Couthouy,  Bost.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.,  ii.  92,  t.  2,  f.  7.    1838. 
Odostomia  exigua,  Gould,  Invert.  Mass.,  1st  Edit.  272,  f.  77.     1841. 
Rissoa  rupestris,  Forbes,  Ann.  Nat.  Hist.,  ii.  107,  t.  2,  f.  13. 

Shell  ovate-conical,  apex  rather  obtuse,  smooth,  light-green, 
epidermis  brownish ;  whorls  five  or  six,  flattened,  with  an  im- 
pressed line  revolving  below  the  suture,  giving  the  appearance  of 
a  double  suture ;  columella  with  a  transverse  fold. 

Length  5,  diam.  2  mill. 

New  England. 

6.  0.  TRIFIDA,  Totten.     Fig.  119. 

(Actceon.)     Am.  Journ.  Science,  xxvi.  368,  t.  1,  f.  4,  a,  b.     1834. 
Shell  small,  elevated,  pointed,  smooth  and  glossy  ;  whorls  eight, 
flat,  with  about  six  impressed  revolving  lines;  the  one  above  and 
the  two  next  below  the  suture  wider  and  more  distinct ;  ten  or 


68  AMERICAN   MARINE    CONCHOLOGY. 

twelve  very  minute  lines  at  the  base  of  the  body-whorl.  Spire 
gradually  tapering  to  an  acute  apex.  Aperture  elongated,  about 
one-third  the  length  of  the  shell,  acutety  angular  above,  produced 
and  rounded  below.  Outer  lip  sharp  and  thin,  entire;  pillar  lip 
with  a  single  sharp,  oblique  fold  ;  opercule  horny  ;  ivory  or  soiled 
white. 

Length  5,  diam.  2  mill. 

Mr.  Gwyn  Jeffreys  believes  this  to  be  a  variety  of  0.  impressa, 
Say. 

New  England;  New  York. 

1.  0.  SEMINUDA,  Adams.     Fig.  120. 

(Jaminea.)     Bost.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.,  ii.  280,  t.  4,  f.  13.     1839. 

Shell  small,  acute,  conic.  Whorls  seven,  convex;  upper  whorls 
and  half  of  the  body- whorl  longitudinally  rugose,  crossed  by  three 
equidistant  revolving  lines,  presenting  a  granulated  appearance. 
At  the  base  of  the  lower  whorl  are  four  revolving  lines,  beginning 
on  the  middle,  where  the  folds  abruptly  terminate.  Suture  dis- 
tinct, divided  by  an  indistinct  spiral  ridge.  Aperture  oval ;  the 
outer  lip  very  thin,  and  scalloped  by  the  revolving  lines  ;  the  pil- 
lar lip  with  an  inconspicuous  fold.  Glossy  white,  translucent. 

Length  3.75,  diam.  1.75  mill. 

New  England,  southwards. 

8.  0.  IMPRESSA,  Say.     Fig.  121. 

(Turritella.)     Journ.  Philad.  Acad.,  ii.  244.     1822. 
Odostomia  insculpta,  De  Kay,  Moll.  N.  Y.  115,  t.  31,  f.  297.     1843. 

Shell  elevated,  thick,  opaque,  regularly  tapering  to  the  apex. 
Whorls  seven,  flat,  with  a  deeply  impressed  suture;  body-whorl 
with  ten  deeply  sculptured  closely  approximated  revolving  striae 
on  the  lower  half,  and  five  distant  revolving  lines  on  the  upper 
half;  about  four  on  the  next  whorl,  and  gradually  diminishing  in 
number  above.  Aperture  ovate,  acute  above,  effuse  beneath.  Lip 
simple ;  fold  on  the  pillar-lip  near  the  middle,  distinct  under  the 
lens,  and  deepening  within.  Soiled  white,  the  sculptured  lines 
rufous. 

Length  5,  diam.  2  mill. 

New  England,  southwards. 

Genus  ACLIS,  Loven. 
Ind.  Moll.  Scand.  16.     1846. 
The  animal  has  a  linguiform  foot,  much  produced  anteriorly, 


MARINE   MOLLUSCA   OP   THE   UNITED    STATES.  69 

tentacles  cylindrical,  much  swollen  at  their  tips.     The  species  are 
few  in  number  and  small,  though  exceedingly  elegant. 

1.  A.  POLITA,  Yerrill.     Fig.  122. 

Am.  Journ.  Science,  3d  series,  iii.  282,  t.  6,  f.  5.     1872. 

Shell  white,  elongated,  regularly  tapering,  slender,  acute. 
Whorls  thirteen  or  more,  convex,  rounded,  scarcely  flattened ; 
surface  smooth,  polished,  shining,  with  faint  or  scarcely  distinct 
striae  of  growth.  Aperture  broad  oval ;  outer  lip  sharp,  slightly 
effuse ;  columella  slightly  curved,  without  a  fold. 

Length  8,  diam.  2  mill. 

Dredged  in  twenty  fathoms. 

Eastport  Harbor,  M*. 

Genus  MENESTHO,  Moller. 
Index  Moll.  Scand.     1842. 
1.  M.  STRIATULA,  Couthouy.    Fig.  123. 

(Pyramis.)     Bost.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.,  ii.  101,  t.  1,  f.  6.     1838. 
Menestho  albula,  Moller,  Moll.  Scand.     1842. 
Menestho  striata,  Chenu.  Man.  Concbyl.,  i.  229,  f.  1311. 

Shell  smooth,  subulate,  imperforate,  usually  polished.  Whorls 
seven  to  nine,  nearly  flat,  marked  by  twelve  to  fifteen  minute 
regular  revolving  strise,  diminishing  in  number  to  the  apex ;  suture 
linear  and  rather  deeply  impressed.  Aperture  ovate  acute,  angular 
above  ;  base  very  slightly  effuse  ;  outer  lip  sharp,  smooth,  without 
any  sinus  or  groove  at  its  junction  with  the  body-whorl;  pillar 
lip  arched  regularly  throughout.  Pale  bluish-white,  milk-white 
within. 

Length  15,  diam.  5  mill. 

New  England. 

Genus  ET7LIMA,  Risso. 
Hist.  Nat.  Eur.  Merid.,  iv.  123.     1826. 

The  Eulimse  crawl  with  the  foot  greatly  in  advance  of  the  head, 
which  is  usually  concealed  beneath  the  margin  of  the  shell ;  many 
of  them  have  distorted  shells,  the  upper  whorls  being  often  curved 
or  inclined  to  one  side. 

1.  E.  OLEACEA,  Kurtz  and  Stiinpson.     Fig.  124. 
Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  iv.  115.     1851. 

Shel  e-mail,  subulate,  solid,  very  shining,  white,  marked  with 
light-brown  transverse  bands ;  whorls  twelve,  flattened,  closely 
coiled ;  suture  inconspicuous  ;  aperture  small,  ovate. 

Length  6.25,  diam.  1.5  mill. 


70  AMERICAN    MARINE   CONCHOLOGY. 

The  animal  is  white,  hyaline;  tentacles  almost  joining  each 
other  at  their  bases,  where,  on  the  external  sides,  are  the  eyes, 
which  may  be  seen  through  the  shell,  when,  as  is  usually  the  case, 
the  head  does  not  project  beyond  it.  Foot  short,  broad,  slightly 
produced  at  the  anterior  angles;  the  lobe  above  projecting  a  little 
beyond  it. 

Dredged  in  eight  fathoms,  on  a  muddy  bottom. 

New  England,  North  Carolina. 

2.  E.  CONOIDEA,  Kurtz  and  Stimpson. 

Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  iv.  115.     1851. 

Shell  conic-lanceolate,  white,  very  shining;    with  thirteen  flat 
whorls,  the  last  subangulate  ;  aperture  rhomboidal. 
Length  9,  diam.  2.5  mill. 
Dredged  on  muddy  bottoms,  shallow  water. 

North  and  South  Carolina. 

The  above  is  a  copy  of  the  original  description.  The  species 
has  not  been  figured,  and  I  have  never  seen  a  specimen. 

Genus  STYLIFEK,  Broderip. 

1.  S.  STIMPSONII,  Verrill. 

Ain.  Journ.  Science,  3d  ser.  iii.  283.     1872. 

Shell  white,  short,  swollen,  broad-oval ;  spire  short,  rapidly  en- 
larging. Whorls  four  or  five,  the  last  one  forming  a  large  part  of 
the  shell ;  convex,  rounded,  with  the  suture  impressed,  surface 
smooth,  or  with  very  faint  striae  of  growth ;  a  slightly  impressed 
revolving  line  just  below  the  suture.  Aperture  large  and  broad. 

Length  3.75,  diam.  3  mill. 

Parasitic  on  Euryechinus  Drobachiensis,  Y,  in  32  fathoms. 
«  New  Jersey,  New  England,  northwards. 

Family  III.  CERITHIAD^E. 

Shell  spiral,  elongated,  many-whorled,  frequently  varicose  ;  aper- 
ture channelled  in  front,  with  a  less  distinct  posterior  canal ;  lip 
generally  expanded  in  the  adult ;  operculum  horny,  pauci-spiral. 

Animal  with  a  short  muzzle,  not  retractile ;  tentacles  distant, 
slender;  eyes  on  short  pedicels,  connate  with  the  tentacles;  man- 
tle margin  with  a  rudimentary  siphonal  fold. 


MARINE    MOLLUSCA    OF   THE    UNITED    STATES.  U 

Synopsis  of  Genera. 

Shell  turreted,  many-whorled,  generally  reticulate  or  granular  with  indis- 
tinct varices  ;  canal  produced  in  front  and  slightly  recurved  ;  columella 
thickened,  with  a  callosity  at  the  hind  part.  CERITHIUM,  Adanson. 

Aperture  with  a  slight  canal  in  front,  not  produced  or  recurved  ;  inner  lip 
acute,  not  reflexed  or  expanded.  BITTIUM,  Leach. 

Shell  sinistral ;  aperture  round,  produced  anteriorly  into  a  closed,  tubular 
canal,  sometimes  with  a  posterior,  closed  canal.  TRIPHOBIS,  Deshayes. 

Genus  CEBITHIUM,  Adanson. 
Hist  Nat.  Senegal.  153.     1757. 
1.  C.  FERRUGINETJM,  Say.     Fig.  126. 

Am.  Conch.,  t.  49,  f.  3.       1832. 

Shell  oblong-conical,  with  longitudinal  ribs  rendered  nodulous 
by  revolving  elevated  striae  ;  ribs  about  twenty  on  the  body-whorl, 
almost  interrupted  by  the  interstices  of  the  striae ;  striae  about 
seven  with  intermediate  smaller  ones  on  the  body-whorl,  and  but 
three  on  the  second  whorl ;  volutions  seven,  suture  inconspicuous  ; 
aperture  oblique,  oval,  whitish  within ;  labrum  slightly  thickened 
on  the  exterior  margin  and  with  obsolete  impressed  lines  on  the 
inner  side  corresponding  with  the  exterior  striae  ;  color  ferrugi- 
nous. 

North  Carolina  to  Florida. 

Genus  BITTIUM,  Leach. 
Gray,  Zool.  Proc.  London.     1847. 

This  group  includes  several  northern  forms,  smaller  than  the 
typical  Cerites,  and  resembling  dextral  Triphores;  they  range  frota 
low  water  to  eighty  fathoms. 

1.  B.  NIGRUM,  Totten.     Fig.  127. 

(Pasithea')  test.  juv.  Am.  Journ.  Sci.,  xxvi.  369,  t.  1,  f.  7.     1834. 
CeritMum  reticulatum,  Totten,  ibid,  xxviii.  352,  f.  8.     1835. 
Cerithium  Sayi,  Menke,  Gould,  Invert.  Mass.  1st  Edit.  278,  f.  183.     1841. 

Shell  small,  acute,  conic,  thin.  Whorls  from  six  to  eight  with 
a  distinct  shoulder  formed  by  a  series  of  granules.  Surface  granu- 
lar from  the  crossing  of  slightly  elevated  folds  with  elevated  spiral 
lines ;  about  twenty  of  these  ribs,  which  disappear  on  the  lower 
half  of  the  body-whorl  leaving  there  only  about  six  slightly  elevated 
revolving  lines.  Suture  deeply  impressed.  Aperture  about  a 
fourth  of  the  length  of  the  shell,  elongate,  subovate,  acutely  an- 


72  AMERICAN   MARINE   CONCHOLOGY. 

gular  above,  widely  rounded  below,  slightly  effuse.  Lip  sharp, 
modified  by  the  revolving  lines  ;  the  canal,  an  oblique  fissure. 
Operculum  horny,  ovate,  concave  externally,  inultispiral.  Bluish 
to  reddish-black. 

Length  5,  diam.  2.5  mill. 

Cape  Cod,  Mass.,  to  North  Carolina. 

2.  B.  GREENII,  Adams.    Fig.  128. 

(Cerithium)  Bost.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.,  ii.  287,  t.  4,  f.  12.     1839. 
f  Cerithiopsis  tubercularis,  Mont,  (sp.)     1803,  teste  Jeffreys. 

Shell  very  small,  cylindrical  ;  beneath  deeply  rugose,  with  lon- 
gitudinal ridges  and  revolving  lines.     Canal  very  deep  and  short, 
slightly  curved.    Aperture  one-eighth  the  length  of  the  shell,  nearly 
circular.     Reddish-brown. 
Length  5,  diam.  1.25  mill. 

Mass,  to  North  Carolina  (Eur.). 

Genus  TRIPHORIS,  Deshayes. 

Animal.  The  tentacles  are  clavate  at  the  tips,  united  at  their 
bases  by  a  sinuated  veil. 

The  species  are  very  numerous,  inhabiting  all  seas,  but  princi- 
pally tropical.  The  sculpture  of  the  whorls  is  very  varied,  beauti- 
ful, and  constant. 

1.  T.  NIGROCINCTUS,  Adams.     Fig.  129. 

(Cerithium)  Bost.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.,  ii.  288,  t.  4,  f.  11.  1839. 
Shell  conic-cylindrical,  with  three  revolving  series  of  granules. 
Whorls  reversed,  suture  broad,  carinate ;  aperture  small,  subellip- 
tical,  ending  in  a  twisted  canal  about  one-third  as  long  as  the 
aperture.  Reddish-black ;  columella  black ;  a  black  spiral  belt 
in  faded  shells. 

Length  7.5,  diam.  1.75. 

Massachusetts  to  North  Carolina. 


Family  Y.  TURRITELLID^E. 

Synopsis  of  Genera. 

Shell  elongated,  many-whorled,  spirally  striated ;  aperture  rounded,  mar- 
gin thin  ;  operculum  horny,  many-whorled.  TUKBITELLA,  Lamarck. 

Shell  tubular,  attached ;  sometimes  regularly  spiral  when  young ;  always 
irregular  in  its  adult  growth ;  tube  repeatedly  partitioned  off ;  aperture 
round  ;  operculum  circular,  concave  externally.  VERMETUS,  Adanson. 


MARINE   MOLLUSC  A   OF   THE   UNITED    STATES.  13 

Shell  at  first  discoidal,  becoming  decollated  when  adult ;  tubular,  cylindri- 
cal, arched ;  aperture  round,  entire ;  apex  closed  by  a  mammillated 
septum  ;  operculum  horny,  many-whorled.  CAECUM,  Fleming. 

Shell  mostly  pure  white  and  lustrous  ;  turreted ;  many-whorled ;  whorls 
round,  sometimes  separate,  ornamented  with  numerous  transverse  ribs ; 
aperture  round  ;  peristome  continuous ;  operculum  horny,  few-whorled. 

SCALARIA,  Lamarck. 

Genus  TURRITELLA,  Lamarck. 

Prodr.  74.     1801. 

The  animal  in  this  genus  has  long,  subulate  tentacles ;  eyes 
slightly  prominent;  foot  truncated  in  front,  rounded  behind, 
grooved  beneath ;  branchial  plume  very  long ;  lingual  ribbon 
minute,  denticulated.  Carnivorous  ? 

The  species  range  from  low  water  mark  to  100  fathoms ;  their 
geographical  distribution  is  extensive,  embracing  most  tropical 
and  temperate  seas. 

1.  T.  EROSA,  Couthouy.    Fig.  130. 

Bost.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.,  ii.  103,  t.  3,  f.  1.     1838. 
T.  polaria,  Moller,  Ind.  Moll.  Scand.     1843. 

Shell  turreted,  elongated ;  whorls  nine  to  eleven,  rather  flat, 
smooth,  sloping  towards  the  suture ;  from  three  to  five  abruptly 
revolving  grooves,  most  prominent  and  numerous  on  the  lower 
whorls ;  striae  of  growth  wrinkling  the  shell  longitudinally ;  apex 
often  eroded;  aperture  circular;  lip  thin  and  impressed  by  the 
termination  of  the  costae ;  coluinella  with  a  slight  callus  and 
angular  base ;  reddish-brown. 

Length  12.5,  diam.  3.75  mill. 

Massachusetts,  northwards  (Eur.). 

2.  T.  RETICULATA,  Mighels  and  Adams.    Fig.  131. 

Bost.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.,  iv.  50,  t.  4,  f.  19.     1842. 
T.  lactea,  Moller,  Ind.  Moll.  Scand.     1842. 

Shell  turreted,  slender,  grayish-white ;  whorls  eleven  or  twelve, 
convex,  with  irregular  longitudinal  folds,  and  three  to  five  re- 
volving striae,  making  the  surface  appear  reticulated;  aperture 
small,  orbicular ;  labrum  thin ;  operculum  horny. 

Length  It,  diam.  5  mill. 

Allied  to  T.  erosa,  but  easily  recognized  by  the  longitudinal 
ribs,  and  by  its  more  slender  form. 

Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence. 


74  AMERICAN   MARINE   CONCHOLOGY. 

3.  T.  COSTULATA,  Mighels  and  Adams.     Fig.  132. 

Bost.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.,  iv.  50,  t.  4,  f.  20.     1842. 

Shell  whitish,  translucent ;  whorls  nine  or  ten,  nearly  flat  or 
very  slightly  convex ;  suture  well  impressed ;  last  two  whorls 
nearly  smooth,  the  others  longitudinally  plicate,  with  microscopic 
transverse  striae;  last  whorl  subcarinate;  aperture  rather  less  than 
one-fourth  the  length  of  the  shell,  subovate,  produced  anteriorly; 

Length  IT,  diam.  6.  mill. 

Casco  Bay. 

4.  T.  ACICULA,  Stimpson.     Fig.  133. 

Bost.  Proc.,  iv.  15.     1851. 

Shell  small,  turreted,  subulate,  white,  thin ;  whorls  ten,  very 
convex,  longitudinally  striate  and  transversely  ribbed  ;  aperture 
rounded,  effuse  anteriorly  ;  peristome  acute. 

Length  5,  diam.  1.5  mill. 

Distinguished  from  the  young  of  T.  erosa  by  its  much  more 
convex  whorls  and  prominent  ribs.  The  operculum  appears  not 
to  be  fimbriated  at  its  edges. 

From  fishes. 

Cape  Cod  to  Grand  Manan  Island. 

5.  T.  AREOLATA,  Stimpson. 

Shells  of  New  England,  35.     1851. 

Shell  small,  subperforated,  turreted,  red,  with  four  distant  re- 
volving elevated  ribs  ;  aperture  effuse  in  front ;  lip  acute  ;  whorls 
six,  convex. 

Length  5,  diam.  2.5  mill. 

Probably  a  young  shell,  but  appears  distinct  from  any  of  our 
species.  Approaches  T.  reticulata,  but  the  transverse  ribs  are 
more  prominent,  and  the  longitudinal  ones  less  so  than  in  that 
shell.  Fifteen  to  fifty  fathoms. 

Massachusetts  Bay, 

This  is  a  doubtful  species. 

Genus  VEEMETTJS,  Adanson. 
Hist.  Nat.  Senegal,  160.     1757. 

1.  V.  RADICULA,  Stimpson.     Fig.  134. 

Shells  of  New  England,  37.     1851. 
V.  lumbricalis,  Gould  (not  Lamarck),  Invert.  Mass.,  edit.  i.     1841. 

Shell  conic  tubular,  with  numerous  unequal  raised  lines  or  ribs 
along  its  entire  length  ;  the  spiral  portion  consists  of  eight  or  ten 
closely  revolving  whorls,  biangulate. 


MARINE   MOLLUSCA    OF   THE    UNITED    STATES.  15 

Length  of  spiral  portion  from  one-half  to  one  inch ;  the  irregu- 
lar prolongation  or  tube  sometimes  eight  or  ten  inches.  Animal 
light  brown,  spotted  with  black ;  mantle  margin  fringed ;  bran- 
chial plume  large  and  long,  nearly  in  the  middle  of  the  back ; 
foot  very  short  and  broad,  dilated  into  rounded  auricles  ante- 
riorly; the  muzzle  is  broad,  not  cleft;  tongue  small;  tentacles 
short,  conical;  the  eyes  at  their  external  bases.  An  elevated 
ridge  runs  along  the  back,  becomes  flattened  into  a  membrane  at 
the  head,  and  passes  round  under  the  right  tentacle,  forming  a 
kind  of  canal,  near  which  is  the  anus.  Operculum  corneous,  con- 
centric, black,  and  hard  on  the  inner,  and  lamellated  on  the  outer 
surface. 

Eggs  deposited  in  July ;  soft,  slightly  cohering  in  the  form  of 
an  elongated  cone,  bent  into  a  half  circle. 

Massachusetts  ;  North  Carolina. 

Genus  CJECUM,  Fleming. 
Edinb.  Encyc.,  vii.     1824. 

Shell  minute  when  young,  discoidal  when  adult,  decollated, 
tubular,  cylindrical,  arcuated;  aperture  round,  entire;  apex  closed 
by  a  mammillated  septum,  marking  the  point  at  which  the  origi- 
nal spire  has  been  cast  off. 

The  animal  has  a  long  and  flat  rostrum  ;  tentacles  short,  sub- 
clavate  at  the  tips  ;  eyes  sessile  behind  the  bases  of  the  tentacles; 
mantle  thick,  fleshy,  circular,  closely  embracing  the  neck;  a  single 
branchial  plume ;  foot  short,  narrow,  truncate  in  front,  obtuse 
behind. 

1.  C.  PULCHELLUM,  Stimpson.     Fig.  135. 

Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  iv.  112.     1851. 

Shell  clavate,  arcuated,  contracted  at  both  extremities,  and 
angular  on  its  dorsal  line;  thick,  pale  yellowish-brown,  with  about 
twenty-five  strong,  rounded  ribs. 

Length  2.5,  diam.  .375  mill. 

The  head  projects  but  little  in  advance  of  the  foot,  which  is 
short ;  the  muzzle  is  cleft  and  transversely  wrinkled,  with  two 
black  spots  above,  just  in  front  of  the  tentaculae,  which  are  thick, 
curved,  and  covered  with  large  vibrilhe ;  eyes  conspicuous,  black, 
oval,  near  the  middle  of  the  bases  of  the  tentaculge. 

Low  water  to  15  fathoms. 

New  Bedford  Harbor. 


76  AMERICAN   MARINE   CONCHOLOGY. 

2.  C.  COSTATUM,  Verrill.     Fig.  136. 

Amer.  Journ.  Science,  3d  ser.  iii.,  210,  283,  t.  6,  f.  6.     1872. 
C.  Cooperi,  S.  Smith  (not  Carpenter),  Ann.  N.  Y.  Lye.,  ix.  394,  f.  3.     1870. 

Shell  white,  moderately  curved,  solid,  with  twenty-four  rounded 
longitudinal  ribs,  crossed  by  numerous  rings,  rather  obscure  about 
the  middle  of  the  shell,  but  very  distinct  at  the  two  extremities, 
where  the  longitudinal  ribs  become  indistinct.  There  is  a  slight 
constriction  near  the  mouth  of  the  shell,  which  swells  out  again 
beyond  it.  Plug  mucronate,  with  the  apex  inclining  to  the  left; 
operculum  concave. 

Length  3,  diam.  7  mill. 

New  England ;  New  York. 

Genus  SCALARIA,  Lamarck. 
Syst.  Anim.,  88.     1801. 

The  animal  of  the  "  Wentle-trap"  has  a  retractile,  proboscis-like 
mouth ;  tentacles  close  together,  long  and  pointed,  with  the  eyes 
near  their  outer  bases;  mantle-margin  simple,  with  a  rudimentary 
siphonal  fold;  foot  obtusely  triangular,  with  a  fold  in  front. 
Exudes  a  purple  fluid  when  molested.  Range  from  low  water  to 
80  fathoms. 

Nearly  one  hundred  species  have  been  described,  chiefly  from 
tropical  seas. 

1.  S.  NOV-ANGLI^E,  Couthouy.     Fig.  137. 

Bost.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.,  ii.  96,  t.  3,  f.  5.    1838. 

Shell  with  the  whorls  scarcely  in  contact ;  whorls  ten,  crossed 
by  about  eleven  delicate  ribs,  each  forming  a  little  spine  in  the 
suture  above ;  intervening  spaces  with  numerous  minute  revolv- 
ing lines;  umbilicus  small;  glossy  white. 
Length  17.5,  diam.  6.25  mill. 

New  England. 

2.  S.  LINEATA,  Say.     Fig.  138. 

Journ.  Philad.  Acad.,  ii.  242.     1822. 

Shell  brownish  or  white,  elongated,  with  about  seven  volutions  ; 
ribs  robust,  obtuse,  little  elevated,  and  from  seventeen  to  nineteen 
on  the  body-whorl ;  the  body- whorl  with  generally  a  blackish, 
more  or  less  dilated  line,  which  is  nearly  concealed  on  the  volu- 
tions of  the  spire  \>y  the  suture ;  margin  of  the  mouth  robust, 
white,  dilated  below. 

New  England  to  North  Carolina. 


MARINE   MOLLUSCA   OF   THE   UNITED    STATES. 

3.  S.  GRCENLANDICA,  Chemnitz.     Fig.  139. 

S.  subulata,  Couthouy,  Bost.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.,  ii.  93,  t.  3,  f.  4.     1838. 
8.  planicosta,  Kiener,  Iconog.,  t.  7,  f.  21.     1838. 

Shell  tapering  to  a  fine  point,  imperforate;  whorls  nine  or  ten, 
contiguous,  slightly  convex,  with  eight  to  fifteen  stout  compressed 
oblique  ribs,  with  intervening  coarse  rounded  vertical  ridges,  and 
seven  or  eight  revolving  striae ;  the  ribs  not  ending  abruptly  at 
the  suture,  but  flowing  along  the  sutural  region  to  the  preceding 
ones ;  aperture  nearly  circular,  bordered  by  a  rib  which  is  einar- 
ginate  at  the  base ;  operculum  horny,  shining. 

Length  25,  diam.  8.75  mill. 

Animal  yellowish-gray  with  whitish  spots;  mouth  rather  large, 
rounded,  corrugated. 

Arctic  America  (Eur.). 

4.  S.  ANGULATA,  Say.     Fig.  140. 

(8.  dathrua,  Linn,  var.),  Amer.  Conch.,  iii.  t.  27.     1831. 

5.  Humphrey  sit,  Kiener,  Iconog.     1838. 

Shell  conic,  turreted,  imperforate,  white,  immaculate;  whorls 
six  to  eleven,  touching  each  other  only  by  the  ribs,  but  with  a 
very  narrow  interval ;  ribs  nine  to  each  volution,  prominent,  sim- 
ple, a  little  oblique,  somewhat  recurved,  and  with  a  more  or  less 
obvious,  obtuse  angle  or  shoulder  above,  near  the  suture ;  aper- 
ture suborbicular ;  base  a  little  angulated  ;  labium  distinct. 

Length  15  to  20  mill. 

Described  by  Mr.  Say  as  a  doubtful  variety  of  5.  clathrus,  from 
which  it  is  distinct. 

New  England  to  Florida. 

5.  S.  TURBINATA,  Conrad.     Fig.  141. 

Journ.  Philad.  Acad.  Nat.  Sciences,  vii.  263,  t.  20,  f.  26.     1837. 
Shell  with  the  body-whorl  dilated ;  ribs  lamellar,  strong,  very 
prominent,  slightly  reflected,  terminating  above  in  a  prominent 
angle ;  color  white. 

Beaufort,  North  Carolina. 

6.  S.  MULTISTRIATA,  Say.     Fig.  142. 

Amer.  Conch.,  iii.  t.  27.     1831. 

Shell  conic,  turreted,  tapering  to  an  acute  apex,  white,  immacu- 
late, imperforate ;  whorls  about  eight,  in  contact ;  costae  regular, 
simple,  not  reflected,  equidistant,  moderately  elevated ;  spaces 
between  the  costae  with  very  numerous,  approximate,  equidistant, 


78  AMERICAN    MARINE   CONCHOLOGY. 

impressed  lines  ;  suture  well  impressed ;  body-whorl  with  about 
sixteen  costse. 
Length  13  mill. 

Massachusetts,  southwards. 

7.  S.  BOREALIS,  Beck.     Fig.  143. 
Acirsa  borealis,  Morch.     1841. 
S.  Eschrichtii,  M  oiler.     1845. 

Shell  white  or  pale  flesh-color,  elongated,  turreted,  acute;  whorls 
ten,  convex,  with  numerous  revolving  striae;  the  upper  whorls 
with  slight  transverse  undulations  or  faint  costse,  which  are  want- 
ing on  the  lower  ones;  last  whorl  slightly  carinated;  aperture 
roundish,  effuse,  and  slightly  angulated  in  front. 

Length  19,  diam.  6.5  mill. 

Dredged,  ten  to  forty  fathoms. 

Maine,  northwards. 

Family  YI.  LITTORINID^E. 

Shell  spiral,  turbiniform  or  depressed,  never  pearly ;  aperture 
rounded;  peristome  entire;  operculum  horny,  paucispiral. 

Animal  with  a  muzzle-shaped  head;  eyes  sessile  at  the  outer 
bases  of  the  tentacles ;  tongue  denticulated ;  branchial  plume 
single ;  foot  with  a  linear  duplication  in  front  and  a  groove  along 
the  sole ;  mantle  with  a  rudimentary  siphonal  canal ;  operculum 
lobe  appendaged.  Littoral,  feeding  on  algae.  Distribution  uni- 
versal, inhabiting  sea  or  brackish  wrater. 

Synopsis  of  Genera. 

Shell  turbinated,  thick,  pointed,  few-whorled ;  aperture  rounded ;  outer  lip 
acute  ;  columella  rather  flattened,  imperforate  ;  operculum  paucispiral. 

LITTORINA,  Ferussac. 

Shell  obicular,  depressed ;  umbilicus  wide  and  deep ;  aperture  rhombic ; 
peristome  thin  ;*  operculum  horny,  subspiral. 

ARCHITECTONICA,  Bolten. 
Shell  turbinated,  thin ;  aperture  semilunar ;  columella  flattened,  with  an 

umbilical  fissure  ;  operculum  paucispiral.  LACUNA,  Turton. 

Shell  minute,  thick,  white  or  horny ;  conical,  pointed,  many-whorled ; 
smooth,  ribbed  or  cancellated  ;  aperture  rounded  ;  peristome  entire,  con- 
tinuous ;  outer  lip  slightly  expanded  and  thickened ;  operculum  subspiral. 

RISSOA,  Fremenville. 

Shell  minute,  thin,  subglobose  or  conical,  transparent ;  peristome  thin, 
entire  ;  operculum  annular,  regular,  with  an  internal  process. 

RISSOELLA,  Gray. 


MARINE    MOLLUSC  A   OP   THE    UNITED   STATES.  19 

Shell  minute,   orbicular,  depressed,  few-whorled ;  peristome  continuous, 
entire,  round  ;  operculum  paucispiral.  SRENEA,  Fleming. 

Shell  minute,  discoidal,  convex  above,  concave  beneath,  umbilicated ;  sur- 
face glossy ;  operculum  thin,  flexible,  pellucid. 

COCHLIOLEPIS,  Stimpson. 

Genus  LITTOEINA,  Ferussao. 

The  periwinkles  are  found  on  the  sea-shore  in  all  parts  of  the 
world ;  they  can  exist  for  a  lengthened  period  out  of  water,  and 
usually  inhabit  situations  which  are  only  covered  by  the  sea  at 
high  tide.  The  species  are  numerous,  and  the  genus  is  represented 
in  all  parts  of  the  world. 

1.  L.  DILATATA,  d'Orbigny.     Fig.  144. 

Moll.  Cuba,  207,  t.  14,  f.  20-23. 

Shell  subpyramidally  conical,  rather  thick,  imperforated,  livid- 
gray,  encircled  with  white  nodules;  whorls  slanting  at  the  upper 
part ;  columella  broadly  concavely  dilated,  purplish-brown. 

Chiefly  remarkable  for  the  broadly  excavated  purple-brown 
columella,  and  conspicuous  white  nodules  upon  a  livid-gray  ground. 

Beaufort,  North  Carolina  to  West  Indies. 

2.  L.  RUDIS,  Donovan.     Fig.  145. 

(Turbo.)    Brit.  Shells,  i.  t.  33,  f.  3.     1800. 
T.  obligatus,  Say,  Journ.  Philad.  Acad.,  ii.  241.     1822. 

Shell  very  strong  and  coarse,  subovate,  ventricose ;  whorls  five 
to  six,  convex,  tapering  rapidly  to  a  little  elevated  spire,  and 
covered  with  revolving  elevated  lines  and  grooves;  body- whorl 
with  ten  to  twelve  revolving  costae,  the  intervening  spaces  finely 
reticulated ;  lip  plaited  by  the  termination  of  the  costse ;  about 
four  of  these  on  the  next  whorl,  and  obsolete  above;  base  of  the 
lip  broadly  bevelled ;  pillar-margin  also  broadly  flattened  ;  aper- 
ture regularly  oval;  color  obscurely  brownish,  sometimes  orange 
or  olive,  occasionally  banded  with  white. 

Length  12.5  mill. 

New  England  and  Middle  States  (N.  Europe). 

3.  L.  TENEBROSA,  Montagu.     Fig.  146. 

(Turbo.)    Test.  Brit.,  303,  t.  20,  f.  4.    1803. 
T.  vestitus,  Say,  Journ.  Philad.  Acad.,  ii.  241.     1822. 
L.  rudis  (part),  Stimpson,  Shells  N.  E.,  33.     1851. 

Shell  small,  conic,  not  as  stout  as  rudis ;  spire  elevated  and 
pointed,  as  long  as  the  aperture  ;  whorls  five  to  six,  rounded,  with 


80  AMERICAN    MARINE    CONCHOLOQY. 

faint  revolving  lines ;  suture  deeply  impressed  ;  lip  thin,  acute ; 
color  black,  brown,  green,  or  reddish,  sometimes  reticulated  or 
striped  with  colored  lines. 

Length  12.5,  diam.  7.5  mill. 

Animal  with  a  dark  olive  head,  and  an  olive  stripe  on  the  ten- 
tacles from  the  eye ;  sides  of  the  foot  lined  with  the  same. 

New  England  and  Middle  States  (N.  Europe). 

4.  L.  LITOREA,  Linnaeus.     Fig.  I4t. 

(Turbo.)     Syst.  Nat.,  edit.  xii.     1232. 
T.  ustulatus,  Lam.,  Anim.  s.  Vert.,  edit.  Deshayes,  ix.  214. 
L.  vulgaris,  Sowb.,  Genera  of  Shells.     Littorina,  f.  1. 

Shell  ovately  turbinated,  imperforated,  thick,  smooth  or  with 
elevated  spiral  strise ;  whorls  sometimes  concavely  impressed  round 
the  upper  part ;  olive,  ash,  or  red,  sometimes  banded  and  lineated 
with  black ;  columella  broadly  callous,  slightly  excavated,  white. 

New  England  (N.  Europe). 

5.  L.  PALLIATA,  Say.     Fig.  148. 

(Turbo.)     Journ  Philad.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  ii.  240.     1822. 
?T.  neritoides,  Linn.,  Syst.  Nat.,  edit.  xii.  1232.     1767. 
L.  littoralis,  Forbes  and  Hanley,  Brit.  Moll.     1853. 

Shell  semiglobose,  very  solid,  spire  flatly  depressed;  whorls 
obliquely  convex,  smooth  or  very  obscurely  striated  ;  yellow,  some- 
times broadly  brown-banded;  aperture  circular,  very  much  con- 
tracted ;  columella  broadly  excavated. 

Well  distinguished  by  its  oblique,  obtuse  growth  and  depressed 
spire,  varying  in  color  from  yellow,  more  or  less  banded,  to  freckled- 
brown. 

New  England  and  Middle  State*  (N.  Europe). 

6.  L.  IRRORATA,  Say.     Fig.  149. 

(Turbo.).  ^ Journ.  Philad.  Acad.,  ii.  239.  1822. 
Shell  solid,  robust,  pyramidal,  with  numerous,  elevated,  obtuse, 
equal  lines  ;  suture  not  indented  ;  spire  acute ;  pillar-lip  thickened  ; 
lip  stout,  bevelled  to  a  moderately  thin  edge,  which  is  everted 
below ;  aperture  oval,  angulated  above ;  color  pale  ash  or  cinere- 
ous or  deep  brown  ;  pillar-lip  umber-brown  ;  lip  on  its  margin  with 
purple  abbreviated  lines. 

Length  25,  diam.  13  mill. 

Whole  Coast. 

Reeve's  figure  (Icon.  x.  f.  56)  does  not  represent  this  species, 
and  it  does  not  occur  at  Sitka  as  stated  by  him. 


MARINE   MOLLUSCA   OF   THE    UNITED   STATES.  81 

Genus  ARCHITECTONICA,  Bolten. 

Mus.  Bolt.     1798. 
Solarium,  Lamarck,  Prodr.,  74.     1801. 

The  species  of  this  genus  are  fancifully  called  "stair-case  shells" 
from  the  appearance  of  the  spiral  edges  of  the  whorls  in  the  per- 
spective umbilicus.  Distribution  tropical. 

1.  A.  GRANULATA,  Lamarck.     Fig.  150. 

(Solarium.)    Anim.  s.  Vert.,  vii.  3.     1822. 

Shell  conoid,  yellowish  flesh-color,  stained  with  livid-purple, 
sparingly  belted  with -distant  chestnut-red  spots  and  dots  ;  whorls 
spirally  grooved  and  granosely  warted  ;  base  many  crenated  ;  um- 
bilicus rather  small. 

North  Carolina  to  West  Indies. 

Genus  LACUNA,  Turton. 
Zool.  Journ.,  iii.  190.     1827. 

The  Lacunae  feed  upon  sea-weed,  and  Lovdn  observes  that  when 
the  fuci  are  of  a  brown  color  these  animals  become  green,  but  if 
red  they  assume  a  rosy  tint.  They  principally  inhabit  the  shores 
of  northern  countries,  and  several  species  are  common  to  both 
continents. 

1.  L.  DIVARICATA,  Fabricius.     Fig.  151. 

(Turbo.)    Fauna  Grcenl.,  392.     1780. 
T.  mncta  Montagu,  Test.  Brit.,  307,  t.  20,  f.  3.     1803. 
T.  quadrifasciatus,  Fleming,  Brit.  Anim.,  299.     1828. 
L.  pertusa,  Conrad,  Journ.  Philad.  Acad.,  vi.  266,  t.  11,  f.  19.     1830. 

Shell  small,  thin,  ovate-conic  ;  spire  pointed ;  whorls  five,  very 
convex,  with  faint  incremental  lines;  suture  deep  ;  aperture  nearly 
circular;  lip  sharp  and  simple;  pillar-lip  with  a  wide  and  deep 
groove  behind,  ending  in  a  profound  umbilicus ;  color  yellowish, 
with  sometimes  four  or  five  dark  purplish  or  reddish  bands. 

Length  7.5  mill. 

New  England  to  New  York.    (  England. ) 

2.  L.  NERITOIDEA,  Gould.     Fig.  152. 

Amer.  Journ.  Science,  xxxviii.  197.     1840. 
?L.  pallidula,  Turton  (var.),  Zool.  Journ.,  iii.  190.     1827. 

Shell   small,  thin,  hemispherical,  or  obliquely  ovate ;    whorls 
three  and  a  half,  regularly  convex,  minutely  wrinkled  near  the 
suture,   and  with   an   occasional   transverse   scratch,   otherwise 
6 


82  AMERICAN   MARINE    CONCHOLOGY. 

smooth,  and  covered  with  a  rough,  greenish-yellow  epidermis; 
sutural  region  depressed  and  sub-channeled ;  the  spire  scarcely 
prominent  above  the  very  large  lower  whorl,  and  placed  a  little  to 
one  side  ;  aperture  oblique,  semicircular. 

.  Length  5,  diam.  6  mill. 

New  England. 

Genus  BISSOA,  Fremenville. 

Desmarest,  Bull.  d.  Sc.,  par  la  Soc.  philom.,  7.     1814. 
Cingula,  Fleming,  Brit.  Anim.,  297,  305.     1828. 

The  animal  has  large,  slender  tentacles^  with  eyes  on  small 
prominences  near  their  outer  bases  ;  the  foot  is  pointed  behind  ; 
the  operculigerous  lobe  has  a  wing-like  process  and  a  filament  on 
each  side. 

Universally  distributed,  but  principally  in  the  north  temperate 
zone.  They  range  from  high  water  to  one  hundred  fathoms,  but 
abound  most  in  shallow  water,  near  the  shore,  on  beds  of  fucus 
and  zostera. 

1.  R.  MINUTA,  Totten.     Fig.  153. 

(Turbo.)    Anier.  Journ.  Science,  xxvi.  369,  f.  7.     1834. 

Shell  minute,  conic,  thin,  polished,  elevated  to  an  obtuse  apex ; 
whorls  five,  convex,  with  very  fine  transverse  striae ;  suture  dis- 
tinct, with  a  round  shoulder  on  the  whorl ;  aperture  oval,  entire, 
rounded  at  the  base,  very  slightly  angular  above;  lip  sharp;  lower 
portion  of  the  pillar-lip  slightly  recurved,  with  a  loosely  attached 
enamel  which  rises  before  an  umbilical  pit ;  operculum  horn}',  sub- 
spiral;  yellowish-brown,  usually  covered  by  a  dark  green  pigment. 

Length  3.75,  diam.  1.5  mill. 

Animal  dusky -brown  ;   tentacles,  and  a  line  on  each  side  the 

neck,  light  drab.     Very  active  in  movement. 

New  England. 

2.  R.  LATIOR,  Mighels  and  Adams.     Fig.  154. 

(Cingula.)     Bost.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.,  iv.  48,  t.  4,  f.  22.     1844. 
Shell  minute,  ovate-conic,  smooth,  pale  horn -color;  whorls  more 
than  four,  convex ;   suture  much   impressed  ;    last  whorl  broad, 
larger  than  the  rest  of  the  shell ;   aperture  ovate-orbicular,  left 
margin  with  a  lamina. 

Length  2,  diam.  1.25  mill. 

Maine. 


MARINE   MOLLUSCA   OF   THE   UNITED   STATES.  83 

3.  R.  ROBTJSTA,  H.  C.  Lea.     Fig.  155. 

(Cingula.)     Bost.  Proc.  288,  t.  24,  f.  4.     1844. 

Shell  ovate-acuminate,  perforated,  smooth,  thick,  white ;  spire 
short,  subacute;  suture  impressed;  whorls  five,  somewhat  angled 
at  the  superior  suture  ;  last  whorl  round ;  base  smooth ;  perfora- 
tion narrow,  profound ;  mouth  ovate,  large. 

Length  2.5,  diam.  2  mill. 

Cape  May,  N.  J. 

This  is  a  somewhat  doubtful  species :  it  (as  well  as  the  next)  is 
perhaps  only  the  young  of  a  form  of  R.  latior.  Only  one  speci- 
men was  obtained. 

4.  R.  MODESTA,  H.  C.  Lea.     Fig.  156. 

(Cingula.)     Bost.  Proc.  288,  t.  24,  f.  5.     1844. 

Shell  ovate,  imperforate,  smooth,  thin,  diaphanous,  greenish 
horn-color;  spire  short,  ovate,  not  acute;  suture  small;  whorls 
four,  flattish;  last  whorl  round  ;  base  smooth ;  mouth  ovate  ;  acute 
above,  rounded  below. 

Length  2,6,  diam.  1.8  mill. 

Quite  common  on  the  under  surface  of  stones  below  high-water 

mark. 

Long  Island  (near  Brooklyn). 

6.  R.  TURRICULA,  H.  C.  Lea.    Fig.  157. 

(Cingula.)  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  289,  t.  24,  f.  6.  1844. 
Shell  elevated,  conic,  perforate,  smooth,  thick,  tawny;  spire 
very  much  exserted,  conical,  obtuse,  sutures  small ;  whorls  six, 
convex ;  last  whorl  slightly  bullate ;  base  smooth ;  perforation 
small,  narrow,  lunate;  mouth  ovate;  columella  thick,  almost  dis- 
joined from  the  last  whorl. 

Length  3,  diam.  1.3  mill. 

South  Carolina. 

This  species  has  not  been  detected  or  identified  by  subsequent 
collectors. 

6.  R.  ACULEUS,  Gould.     Fig.  153. 

(Cingula.)     Invert.  Mass.  Edit.  1,  266,  f.  172.     1841. 

Shell  minute,  subcylindrical,  elongated,  fragile;  whorls  six,  very 
convex,  with  a  deep  suture;  with  numerous  revolving  lines  and 
traces  of  longitudinal  folds  towards  the  apex.  Aperture  small, 
suboval,  oblique.  Light  horn-color. 

Length  5  mill. 


84  AMERICAN    MARINE    CONCHOLOGY. 

The  animal  is  white,  with  moderately  produced  head  and  foot 
slightly  dilated  at  the  anterior  angles ;  eyes  black. 

New  England.     (Europe.) 

According  to  Mr.  Gwyn  Jeffreys,  this  species  =  striata,  J. 
Adams,  1795. 

7.  R.  MULTILINEATA,  Stimpson.     Fig.  159. 

Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  iv.  14.     1851. 

Shell  minute,  oblong-ovate,  blunt,  white;  whorls  five,  convex, 
marked  with  about  twenty  minute,  transverse  stride ;  aperture  or- 
bicularly ovate,  peristome  not  thickened,  effuse. 

Shorter  than  aculeus,  with  the  whorls  more  compactly  coiled 
and  stronger  striae.  The  latter  are  more  numerous  than  in  the 
following  species. 

Length  2.5,  diam.  1  mill. 

New  England. 

8.  R.  MIGHELST,  Stimpson.     Fig.  160. 

Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  iv.  15.     1851. 

Cingula  arenaria,  Mighels  and  Adams  (not  Montagu).     Bost.  Journ.  iv. 
49,  t.  4,  f.  24.     1842. 

Shell  minute,  white,  subcylindrical,  subplicate  longitudinally 
and  minutely  striate  trans versely ;  spire  elongated,  conical;  whorls 
six,  convex ;  suture  impressed  ;  aperture  moderate,  suborbicular. 

Length  2.5,  diam.  1.2  mill. 

Maine. 

9.  R.  EXAEATA,  Stimpson.     Fig.  161. 

Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  iv.  15.     1851. 

Shell  small,  ovate,  fuscous,  rather  solid,  imperforate;  whorls 
five,  rather  convex,  subplicate  posteriorly,  and  with  inequidistant, 
elevated,  transverse  ribs,  three  on  the  upper  whorls.  Aperture 
small,  ovate,  peristome  thickened. 

Length  2.6,  diam.  1.2  mill. 

Massachusetts. 

10.  R.  CARINATA,  Mighels  and  Adams.     Fig.  162. 

(Cingula.)     Bost.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.  iv.  49.     1842. 
Cingula  semicostata.     Mighels  and  Adams  (not  Montagu).     Bost.  Journ,, 

iv.  49,  t.  4,  f.  23.     1842. 
Eisnoa  pelagica,  Stimpson,  Bost.  Proc.  iv.  15. 

Shell  very  small,  ovate  conical,  ferruginous,  very  thin  ;  whorls 
five,  convex,  the  upper  ones  with  longitudinal  ribs,  the  lower  half 


MARINE    MOLLTJSCA   OP   THE    UNITED    STATES.  85 

of  the  body  whorl  with  revolving  striae.    Aperture  nearly  orbicu- 
lar, peristome  thin  and  sharp. 
Length  2.6,  diam.  1.7  mill. 

Maine,  northwards. 

11.  R.  L^J-VIS,  De  Kay.     Fig.  163. 

(Cingula.)     Moll.  New  York,  111,  t.  6,  f.  118.     1843. 
Shell  small,  elevated,  moderately  solid ;  whorls  five,  very  con- 
vex, with  deep  sutures;  surface  smooth;  body-whorl  large;  aper- 
ture small,  oval,  the  columellar  lip   partially  everted   over  the 
rather  large  umbilicus.     White. 
Length  5  mill. 

Connecticut. 
This  is  a  doubtful  species. 

12.  R.  PATENS,  Gould. 

Boat.  Proc.  viii.  280.     1863. 

Shell  minute,  ovate,  thin,  smooth  ;  whorls  five  or  six,  ventricose, 
with  a  subsutural  impressed  line ;  aperture  rounded,  emarginate 
posteriorly ;  columella  but  slightly  reflexed  ;  lips  somewhat  thick- 
ened, fuscous. 

Length  3,  diam.  2  mill. 

Remarkable  for  its  large  aperture  and  subsutural  impressed 
line. 

Fort  Johnson,  Charleston  Harbor,  8.  C. 

13.  R.  INCOMPTA,  Gould. 

Bost.  Proc.  vii.  280.     1862. 

Shell  small,  elongated,  vitreous,  reddish-white ;  whorls  seven, 
rounded,  with  three  revolving  ribs  and  longitudinal  lines,  the  body- 
whorl  carinate  ;  aperture  circular,  the  peristome  simple,  thickened. 

Length  2,  diam.  1  mill. 

(Coral  Sand)  Florida. 

Genus  EISSOELLA,  Gray. 
Zool.  Proc.  159.     1847. 

This  genus  differs  from  Rissoa  in  the  shells  being  thin  and 
without  thickened  lip  ;  the  operculum  differs  also,  in  being  annular 
with  a  central  internal  process. 

The  animals  are  found  adhering  to  floating  sea-weeds,  in  pools 
between  tide-marks;  their  eyes  are  situated  so  far  behind  on  the 
head,  that  the  transparency  of  the  shells  appears  to  be  essential 
to  the  vision  of  the  animal. 


86  AMERICAN    MARINE   CONCHOLOGY. 

1.  R.  EBURNEA,  Stimpson.     Fig.  164. 

(Rissoa.)    Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  iv.  14.     1851. 
Shell  small,  ovate-conoid,  white,  shining,  smooth ;  whorls  four, 
rather  convex,  subangulated  at  the  suture  ;  aperture  ovate-elliptic  ; 
peristome  thin,  simple,  acute,  effuse  anteriorly. 

Length  4.5,  diam.  2.2  mill. 

Massachusetts 

2.  R.  SULCOSA,  Mighels.     Fig.  165. 

(Phasianella.)  Bost.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.  iv.  348,  t.  16,  f.  4.  1843. 
Shell  very  small,  ovate-conical,  smooth  and  white;  whorls  four, 
slightly  convex,  with  six  or  seven  transverse  grooves  on  the  body- 
whorl,  and  three  on  each  of  the  two  next  above,  spire  smooth  and 
pointed  ;  aperture  ovate-oblong,  with  three  slightly  apparent  trans- 
verse bands  within,  as  seen  under  a  strong  magnifying  power. 

Length  2.5,  diam.  1.3  mill. 

Maine. 

Genus  SKENEA,  Fleming. 
Hist.  Brit.  Anim.  297,  313.     1828. 
1.  S.  PLANORBIS,  Fabricius.     Fig.  166. 
(Turbo.)    Fauna  Groenl.  394.     1780. 

Shell  minute,  flat,  slightly  convex  above,  broadly  concave  below, 
with  a  perspective  umbilicus ;  whorls  three,  smooth,  light  horn- 
color ;  aperture  small,  circular,  with  sharp  lip.  Operculum  multi- 
spiral,  horny. 

Height  .8,  diam.  1.2  mill. 

Clinging  to  stones  at  low-water  mark. 

Mass.,  northwards.    (N.  Europe.) 

Genus  COCHLIOLEPIS,  Stimpson. 

Bost.  Proc.  vi.,  308.     1858. 
1.  C.  PARASITICUS,  Stimpson.     Fig.  161. 

Bost.  Proc.  vi.,  308.     1858. 

Shell  thin,  discoidal,  convex  above,  concave  and  umbilicated 
below  ;  the  edge  thin  and  sharp  ;  whorls  three,  rapidly  enlarging; 
surface  smooth  and  glossy ;  lip  not  thickened.  Operculum  thin, 
flexible  and  pellucid. 

Animal  blood  red ;  foot  oblong,  tapering  behind,  and  slightly 
emarginate  in  front;   head  small,  rounded,  with  long,  slender, 
tapering  tentacles.     Eyes  none  ? 
Parasitic  on  Acoetes  lupina. 

Charleston,  8.  C. 


MARINE    MOLLUSCA    OF    THE    UNITED    STATES.  87 

Family  TURBIXIDJE. 

Shell  spiral,  turbinated  or  pyramidal,  nacreous  inside.  Oper- 
culum  calcareous  and  paucispiral,  or  horny  and  multispiral. 

Animal  with  a  short  muzzle ;  eyes  pedunculated  at  the  outer 
bases  of  the  long  and  slender  tentacles ;  head  and  sides  orna- 
mented with  fringed  lobes  and  tentacular  filaments. 

Distribution  universal ;  feeding  on  sea-weeds. 

The  shells  are  brilliantly  pearly  under  the  epidermis  and  within 
the  aperture. 

Synopsis  of  Genera. 

Shell  turbinated,  solid;  whorls  convex,  often  grooved  or  tuberculated ; 
aperture  large,  rounded,  slightly  produced  in  front ;  operculum  shelly  and 
solid,  callous  outside,  and  smooth,  or  variously  grooved  and  mammillated, 
internally  horny  and  paucispiral.  TURBO,  Linnaeus. 

Shell  thin,  glohosely  depressed,  whorls  convex,  smooth  or  transversely 
striated  ;  aperture  nearly  circular  ;  columella  ending  in  a  simple  point. 

MARGARITA,  Leach. 

Shell  minute,  not  nacreous,  depressed,  few  whorled,  deeply  umbilicated ; 
peristome  entire,  nearly  continuous,  sinuated  on  its  inner  side,  and 
slightly  so  externally  ;  operculuui  shelly,  multispiral. 

ADEORBIS,  S.  Wood. 

Genus  TURBO,  Linnaeus. 
Syst.  Nat.  Edit.,  x.  761.     1758. 
1.  T.  CRENULATUS,  Gmelen.     Fig.  168. 

Syst.  Nat.,  3575.     1790. 

Shell  ovate,  imperforated,  sutures  of  the  spire  excavated,  whorls 
covered  with  papillose  nodules,  convex  or  slightly  angulated  in 
the  middle,  and  ridged,  ridges  generally  squamose,  the  upper 
scales  being  more  prominent  and  erect ;  operculum  thick,  testa- 
ceous. 

Whitish,  with  rays  or  blotches  of  fawn-color  or  reddish,  pearly 

within. 

North  Carolina  to  West  Indies. 

Genus  MABGARITA,  Leach. 
.Journ.  de  Phys.,  Ixxxviii.,  464.     1819. 

The  species  of  this  genus  are  principally  inhabitants  of  north- 
ern or  antarctic  seas.  They  are  generally  more  depressed, 
smoother,  and  smaller  than  Turbo,  which  is  tropical  in  distribu- 
tion. 


88  AMERICAN   MARINE   CONCHOLOGY. 

1.  M.  OCCIDENTALS,  Mighels  and  Adams.     Fig.  169. 

(Trochus.)     Bost.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.,  iv.  47,  t.  4,  f.  16.     1842. 
Margarita  alabastrum,  Beck. 

Shell  small,  rather  solid,  subtranslucent,  pale  horn-color,  with 
light  brown  revolving  carinae,  three  in  number  on  the  upper 
whorls,  and  from  four  to  six  on  the  body-whorl ;  whorls  seven, 
convex,  with  distinct  sutures ;  spire  small ;  the  body-whorl  large, 
with  coarse  revolving  striae  around  the  indented  umbilical  region. 

Height  12.5,  diam.  10  mill. 

Maine.     (Eur.) 

2.  M.  CINEREA,  Couthouy.     Fig.  170. 

(Turbo.)     Bost.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.,  ii.  99,  t.  3,  f.  9.     1838. 
Shell  small,  thin,  pyramidal ;  whorls  five  to  seven,  with  several 
revolving  ribs,  the  central  one  largest ;  umbilicus  broad  and  deep ; 
lip  sharp ;  aperture  circular,  slightly  reflected  over  the  umbilicus. 
Ashen-gray  or  greenish. 

Height  12.5,  diam.  10  mill. 

New  England.     (Eur.) 

3.  M.  OBSOURA,  Couthouy.     Fig.  171. 

(Turbo.)    Bost.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.,  ii.  100,  t.  3,  f.  2.     1838. 

Depressed,  conical,  solid;  spire  obscure,  reddish-brown,  base 
ash-colored  ;  whorls  angulated  by  two  or  three  revolving  ridges  ; 
lines  of  growth  coarse ;  aperture  circular ;  pearly  within. 

Height  10,  diam.  15  mill. 

New  England.     (Eur.) 

4.  M.  VARICOSA,  Mighels  and  Adams.     Figs.  112,  178. 

Bost.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.,  iv.  46,  t.  4,  f.  14.     1842. 
Margarita  acuminata,  Mighels  and  Adams,  ib.  f.  15.     1842. 

Shell  small,  conical,  thin,  dingy  white  or  drab-color;  whorls 
four,  convex,  with  numerous  longitudinal  oblique  ribs,  and 
crowded  revolving  striae.  Suture  distinct,  subcanaliculate ;  um- 
bilicus rather  large  and  deep,  bounded  by  two  rather  rugged 
varices.  Aperture  circular,  lip  sharp. 
Height  6.25,  diam.  6.25  mill. 

New  England,  northwards.     (  Eur. ) 

M.  acuminata  is  the  young  of  this  species.  Fig.  178  repre- 
sents it. 

5.  M.  MINUTISSIMA,  Mighels.    Fig.  173. 

Bost.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.,  iv.  349,  t.  16,  f.  5.     1843. 
Shell  very  minute,  subovately  globose  ;  whorls  three,  convex, 


MARINE   MOLLUSCA   OF   THE    UNITED    STATES.  89 

longitudinally  furrowed ;  spire  short,  obtuse ;  suture  strongly 
impressed,  aperture  orbicular ;  umbilicus  large,  deep.  Dull  ash- 
color. 

Height  5,  diam.  5  mill. 

Casco  Bay,  Maine. 

6.  M.  UNDULATA,  Sowerby.     Fig.  IT 4. 

Malacol  and  Conch.  Mag.  i. ,  26. 

Margarita  striata,  var.  Grcenlandica,  Moller,  Ind.  Moll.  Green.     1842. 
Turbo  incarnatus,  Couthouy,  Bost.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.,  ii.  98,  t.  3,  f.  13.  1838. 
Trochus  tumidus,  Montagu,  Leth.  Suev.  t.  30,  f.  3. 

Shell  orbicular,  small,  smooth  and  shining;  whorls  four  or 
five,  convex,  with  numerous  striae,  alternately  finer  and  undulated 
near  the  sutures  by  short  folds  or  wrinkles  ;  umbilicus  quite  large 
and  deep  ;  aperture  nearly  circular,  very  oblique.  Uniform  red 
of  various  shades. 

Height  7.5,  diam.  10  mill. 

.  New  England.     (Eur.) 

Trochus  Grcenlandicus,  Chemnitz,  1781,  may  be  this  species. 

7.  M.  HELICINA,  Fabricius.     Fig.  175. 

(Turbo.)     Fauna  Grcenl.     1780. 
Margarita  arctica,  Leach,  Ross'  Voyage.     1819. 
Turbo  inflatus,  Totten,  Am.  Journ.  Science,  xxvi.  368,  f.  5.     1834. 

Shell  small,  thin,  translucent,  shining  and  globular ;  whorls 
five,  convex,  with  revolving  minute  lines  on  the  base ;  spire  low, 
convex  ;  suture  impressed  ;  aperture  large,  circular  and  expanded; 
umbilicus  large  and  deep.  Pale  horn-color. 

Height  5,  diam.  6.25  mill. 

New  England. 

8.  M.  CAMPANULA! A,  Morse.     Fig.  176. 

Shell  small,  depressed,  orbicular,  smooth,  shining,  translucent ; 
spire  minute,  pointed,  aperture  large,  companulate.  Light  olive 
or  horn-color. 

Length  3.5,  diam.  7  mill. 

New  England. 

9.  M.  ABGENTATA,  Gould.     Fig.  177. 

Invert.  Mass.  Edit.  i.  256,  f.  174.     1841. 
Trochus  glaucus,  Moller,  Ind.  Moll.  Groenl.     1842. 

Shell  minute,  conical,  with  an  obtuse  tip ;  pearly  white  ;  whorls 
four,  convex,  the  last  slightly  angular,  covered  with  fine,  crowded, 
revolving  lines  ;  suture  deep  ;  aperture  circular. 

Height  2.5,  diam.  3  mill. 

New  England.     (Europe.) 


90  AMERICAN   MARINE   CONCHOLOGY. 

Doubtful  species. 

10.  M.  ORNATA,  De  Kay.     Fig.  179. 

Moll.,  New  York,  107,  t.  6,  f.  104.     1843. 

Shell  moderately  solid,  subconical ;  its  transverse  exceeding  its 
vertical  diameter ;  whorls  four  to  five,  convex  ;  the  body-whorl 
very  large,  subinflated ;  seven  to  nine  distant  revolving  costse 
on  its  upper  surface,  which  is  separated  from  the  simplj'-  stria te 
surface  beneath  by  an  obsolete  carina;  spire  not  much  elevated, 
faintly  striate;  umbilicus  large  and  very  profound;  aperture 
rounded,  oblique ;  lip  thin  and  simple,  entire.  Bright  red. 

Length  2.5,  diam.  3.75  mill. 

New  York. 

11.  M.  MULTILTNEATA,  De  Kay.     Fig.  180. 

Moll.,  New  York,  109,  t.  6,  f.  108.     1843. 

Shell  small,  pyramidal;  whorls  four,  convex,  obtusely  carinate; 
suture  impressed;  spire  elevated;  whorls  with  minute  revolving 
stride,  and  three  to  four  revolving  ribs ;  aperture  suborbicular ; 
umbilicus  entirely  concealed  by  the  reflection  of  the  lip,  but  its 
place  marked  by  a  slight  depression.  Beautifully  variegated  by 
alternate  yellowish-white -and  brown,  or  reddish-brown  revolving 
lines ;  lip  with  abbreviated  red  and  white  lines. 

Height  7.5  mill. 

New  York. 

Genus  ADEORBIS,  S.  Wood. 
Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  530.     1842. 
1.  A.  COSTULATA,  Holier.     Fig.  181. 

Index  Moll.  Gram.  8.     1842. 

Shell  minute,  white,  thin,  with  crowded  longitudinal  ribs  and 
fjne  revolving  striae  on  the  base;  umbilicus  deep;  aperture 
rounded  with  continuous  peristome;  operculum  multispiral,  of 
about  eight  volutions,  the  outer  ones  testaceous,  the  nuclear  cor- 
neous. 

Diam.  2.5  mill. 

New  England,  northwards.    (Eur.) 

Family  JANTHINID^E. 

The  animal  has  a  proboscidiform  head  ;  tentacles  short  and  ob- 
tuse, with  pointed  eye-pedicels  at  their  bases,  but  without  any 


MARINE   MOLLUSCA   OF   THE    UNITED    STATES.  91 

trace  of  eyes.  Gills  plumose,  partially  exserted.  Foot  small, 
flat,  rudimentary,  furnished  with  a  vesicular  appendage  on  the 
hinder  part.  Pelagic. 

The  shell  is  very  thin,  translucent,  with  a  sinistral  nucleus. 
Violet  colored.  The  family  contains  but  one  genus. 

Genus  JANTHINA,  Bolten. 

Mus.  Bolt.     1798. 

1.  J.  FRAGILIS,  Bruguiere.     Fig.  182. 
Helix  JantMna,  Gmelin,  Syst.  Nat.  3645.     1790. 
Janthina  communis,  Lam.  Anim.  s.  Vert.,  vii.  206.     1822. 

Shell  depressly  semiglobose,  flattish  beneath ;  whorls  slopingly 
convex,  rather  rudely  decussately  striated ;  whitish  above,  violet 
below,  whitish  around  the  columella ;  aperture  transverse ;  a  little 
sinuated  in  the  middle. 

Driven  upon  the  Northern  Shores  during  storms. 

Family  FISSURELLID^. 

Animal  with  a  well-developed  head,  a  short  muzzle,  subulate 
tentacles,  and  eyes  on  rudimentary  pedicels  at  their  outer  bases ; 
sides  ornamented  with  short  cirri ;  branchial  plumes  two,  symme- 
trical; anal  siphon  occupying  the  anterior  notch  or  perforated  sum- 
mit of  the  shell. 

Synopsis  of  Genera. 

Shell  oval,  conical,  depressed,  with  the  apex  in  front  of  the  centre,  and  per- 
forated ;  surface  radiated  or  cancellated ;  muscular  impression  with  the 
points  incurved.  FISSURELLA,  Bruguiere. 

Shell  conical,  elevated,  with  the  apex  recurved  ;  perforation  in  front  of  the 
apex,  with  a  raised  border  internally  ;  surface  cancellated. 

CEMORIA,  Leach. 

Genus  FISSURELLA,  Bruguiere. 
Encyc.  Meth.  i.,  14.     1789. 

1.  F.  ALTERNATA,  Say.     Fig.  183. 

Journ.  Philada.  Acad.  Nat  Sci.,  ii.  224.     1822. 

Shell  oblong-ovate,  moderately  thick,  cinereous  or  dusky,  with 
equal  concentric  lines  crossed  by  alternately  larger  and  smaller 
radii,  all  of  which  are  equable  or  not  dilated  in  any  part ;  vertex 
placed  nearer  the  smaller  end ;  perforation  oblique,  oblong,  and  a 
little  contracted  in  the  middle;  within  white;  margin  simply  ere- 


92  AMERICAN    MARINE    CONCHOLOGY. 

nate ;  apex  with  an  indented  transverse  line  at  the  larger  end  of 
the  perforation. 

Height  10,  length  20,  diam.  15  mill. 

Southern  Coast. 

Genus  CEMOEIA,  Leach. 
Lowe,  Zool.  Journ.,  iii.  76.     1826. 

Rimula,  Loven  (not  Defrance),  Ind.  Moll.  Scand.  21.     1846. 
Puncturella,  Lowe,  Zool.  Journ.  iii.  78.     1827. 

In  the  second  edition  of  Gould's  Invertebrata  of  Massachusetts, 
occurs  an  error  in  the  description  of  this  genus  which  it  is  neces- 
sary to  correct :  the  apex  is  said  to  be  "  curved  forwards,  with  a 
fissure  just  behind  the  apex."  This  is  reversing  the  real  position, 
as  the  apex  is  recurved,  with  the  fissure  in  front.  See  the  illus- 
tration of  shell,  with  animal,  in  H.  and  A.  Adams'  "  Genera,"  t. 
51,  f.  7. 

1.  C.  NOACHINA,  Linnaeus.     Figs.  184,  185. 

(Patella.)     Mantissa,  551.     1771. 

Patella  aperta,  Montagu,  Test.  Brit.  491,  t.  13,  f.  10.     1803. 
Patella  fissurella,  Miiller,  Zool.  Dan.  i.,  t.  24,  f.  4-6.     1788. 
Cemoria  Flemingii,  Leach,  Sowerby,  Conch.  Man.,  f.  244.     1842. 
Sipho  striata,  Brown,  Brit.  Conch,  t.  36,  f.  14-16.     1844. 
Cemoria  princeps,  Migliels  and  Adams,  Bost.  Journ.  iv.  42,  t.  4,  f.  3.     1842. 
Diodora  NoacMna,  Stimpson,  Shells,  K  E.  30.     1851. 

Shell  small,  conical ;  apex  recurved,  obliquely  perforated ;  sur- 
face covered  by  about  twenty  unequal  radiating  ribs  which  feebly 
crenate  the  margin. 

Height  2.5,  length  5  mill. 

N.  of  Cape  Cod,  Mass.    (N.  Eur.) 

.Family  CALYPTR^ID^E. 

Shell  limpet-like,  with  a  more  or  less  spiral  apex ;  interior  (in 
our  species)  divided  by  a  shelly  partition  to  which  the  adductor 
muscles  are  attached. 

The  animal  has  a  lengthened  muzzle  ;  eyes  on  the  external  bases 
of  the  tentacles;  branchial  plume  single.  They  feed  on  sea-weed, 
and  live  attached  to  the  surface  of  rocks  or  other  shells,  their 
forms  modified  to  conform  to  the  situation  they  inhabit. 

Synopsis  of  Genera. 

Shell  subconic,  spiral ;  apex  subcentral ;  aperture  wide,  with  the  internal 
appendage  entire  and  cup-shaped,  attached  by  one  of  its  sides. 

CEUCIBULUM,  Schurn. 


MARINE    MOLLUSCA   OF   THE   UNITED    STATES.  93 

Shell  ovate  or  oblong;  apex  posterior,  oblique,  submarginal;  aperture 
elongated,  polished  within,  the  posterior  half  covered  by  a  horizontal 
testaceous  lamina.  CKEPIDULA,  Lam. 

Genus  CRUCIBULUM,  Schumacher. 
Essai  d'un  Nov.  Syst.  182.     1817. 
1.  C.  STRIATUM,  Say.     Fig.  186. 

(Dispotaa.)    Journ.  Philada.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  v.  216.    1826. 
Shell   moderately  solid,   conical,   with   numerous   equidistant, 
elevated  radiating  lines.     Summit  smooth,  obtusely  pointed,  sub- 
spiral,  inclining  towards  the  left  side  and  posterior  end.     Internal 
cup  attached  at  one  side,  and  terminating  above  near  the  inner 
apex  of  the  shell.     White. 
Height  12.5,  diam.  20  mill. 

New  England  to  New  Jersey. 

Undetermined  Species. 
INFUNDIBULUM  DEPRESSUM,  Say. 

Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  v.  209.     1826. 

Shell  depressed,  fragile,  with  small  concentric  irregular  wrinkles; 
volutions  three ;  suture  not  profoundly  indented ;  apex  not  cen- 
tral;  base  oval,  almost  orbicular;  umbilicus  oblong;  internal 
plate  small. 

Diameter  5  -j-  mill. 

South  Carolina. 

Genus  CEEPIDTJLA,  Lamarck. 

Prodromus.     1799. 
1.  C.  FORNICATA,  Linnaeus.     Figs.  187,  188,  189. 

(Patella.")     Syst.  Nat.  Edit.,  xii.  1257.     1767. 
Crepidula  glauca,  Say,  Journ.  Philad.  Acad.,  ii.  226.     1822. 
Crepidula  convexa,  Say,  ibid.,  227.     1822. 

Shell  varying  in  convexity,  with  one  side  more  oblique  than 
the  other;  apex  turned  to  one  side  ;  surface  transversely  wrinkled. 
Partition  smooth,  slightly  concave.  White,  or  greenish,  or  red- 
dish, with  longitudinal  undulated  chestnut-colored  lines,  some- 
times broken  up  into  spots. 

Length  1  to  2  inches,  width  .7  to  1.3  inch. 

Inhabits  the  entire  coast.     (Eur.) 

C.  glauca  (Fig.  189)  is  the  young  shell  when  flattened;  if  the 
growth  is  normally  convex,  however,  the  young  is  the  C.  convexa 
(Fig.  188).  I  have  satisfied  myself  that  these  two  forms  are  both 


94  AMERICAN   MARINE   CONCHOLOGY. 

juveniles  of  C.fornicata,  by  the  examination  of  numerous  speci- 
mens. 

2,  C.  UNGUIFORMIS,  Lamarck.     Fig.  190. 

Anim.  s.  Vert.,  vi.  95.     1819. 
Crepidula  plana,  Say,  Journ.  Philad.  Acad.  Kat.  ScL,  ii.  226.     1822. 

Shell  suhovate  or  quadrilateral,  depressed,  concave,  from  gene- 
rally inhabiting  the  interior  of  the  mouth  of  univalve  shells,  sur- 
face wrinkled  ;  white. 

Length  1  to  1.5  inch,  breadth  .7  to  1  inch. 

This  species  is  generally  parasitic  on  other  shells,  and  prefers 
the  interior  of  Naticas,  Busycons,  etc.,  attaching  itself  just  within 
the  aperture.  It  has  been  supposed  by  Gray  and  others  that  it 
is  not  a  distinct  species,  but  merely  the  G.  fornicata,  modified  in 
color  and  form  by  situation.  This  idea  is  incorrect,  because  I 
have  collected  C.  unguiformis  from  external  surfaces,  yet  it  still 
retains  its  plain  white  color,  and  is  always  as  nearly  flat  as  cir- 

cumstances will  permit. 

Inhabits  the  entire  coast. 

3.  C.  ACULEATA,  Gmelin.     Fig.  191» 

(Patella.)     Syst.  Nat.,  3693.     1790. 

Shell  ovate,  laterally  incurved  at  the  apex,  radiately  irregularly 
ribbed,  ribs  with  tubercles  or  vaulted  scales,  sometimes  growing 
into  short  spires  ;  brownish,  sometimes  rayed,  brown  within. 

Southern  Goast* 


Family 

The  limpets  have  a  conical  shell  with  a  non-spiral  apex,  not 
perforated  ;  muscular  impression  horse-shoe  shaped.  The  animal 
has  a  distinct  head,  furnished  with  tentacles,  bearing  eyes  at  their 
outer  bases;  foo't  as  large  as  the  margin  of  the  shell;  mantle 
plain  or  fringed.  Respiratory  organ  in  the  form  of  one  or  two 
branchial  plumes,  lodged  in  a  cervical  cavity,  or  of  a  series  of 
lamella?  surrounding  the  animal  between  its  foot  and  mantle. 
Mouth  armed  with  a  horny  upper  jaw,  and  a  long  ribbon-like 
tongue  furnished  with  numerous  teeth. 

The  species  are  very  numerous,  and  distribution  universal. 

Genus  PATELLA,  Linnaeus. 
Syst.  Nat.,  edit.  x.  780.     1758. 

The  shells  described  under  this  genus  have  been  assigned,  the 
first  to  the  genus  Lepeta,  the  others  to  Tectura  by  modern  authors, 


MARINE   MOLLUSCA   OP   THE   UNITED   STATES.  95 

upon  differences  in  the  animals  which  do  not  appear  to  me  to  be 
of  generic  value. 

1.  P.  C^ECA,  Miiller.     Fig.  192. 

Zool.  Danica,  i.  45,  t.  12,  f.  1,  2,  3.     1788. 
Patella  Candida,  Couthouy,  Am.  Journ.  Science,  xxxiv.  217.     1838. 

Shell  small,  conical,  with  numerous  minute  revolving  ribs  crossed 
by  fine  concentric  lines,  giving  the  surface  under  the  lens  the  ap- 
pearance of  network ;  summit  nearly  central ;  margin  slightly 
scolloped  by  the  termination  of  the  ribs.  White. 

Length  8.75,  height  2.5  mill. 

New  England,  northwards.     (Eur.) 

2.  P.  TESTUDINALIS,  Miiller.     Fig.  193. 

Prod.  237. 

Patella  tessellata,  Mull.,  Zool.  Dan.  Prodr.,  iii.  2868.     1788. 
Patella  Clelandi,  Sowerby,  Trans,  of  Linn.  Soc.,  viii.  621. 
Patella  virginea,  Mull.,  Zool.  Dan.  Prodr.,  iii.  2867.     1788. 
Patella  amcena,  Say,  Journ.  Philad.  Acad.  ii.  223.     1822. 
Patella  clypeus,  Brown,  Brit.  Conch.,  t.  37,  f.  9,  10.     1827. 
Lottia  antillarum,  Sowerby,  Conch.,  Man.  f.  231. 

Shell  oblong-oval,  frequently  with  a  calcareous  deposit,  under 
which  we  observe  numerous  radiating  lines,  which  are  crossed  by 
minute  concentric  wrinkles.  Margin  entire,  acute ;  apex  behind 
the  middle,  and  turning  towards  the  short  end.  Whitish  or 
greenish,  with  brown  bands,  frequently  interrupted,  forming 
square  tessellated  spots;  within  bluish-white,  etc.,  with  an  apicial 
brown  spot  and  marginal  band. 

Length  20  to  38,  width  12  to  20  mill. 

Northern  Coast.     (Europe.) 

3.  P.  ALVETJS,  Conrad.     Fig.  194. 

Journ.  Philad.  Acad.,  vi.  267,  t.  11,  f.  20.     1831. 
Shell  oblong,  sublinear,  elevated,  thin,  pellucid,  with  fine  radiat- 
ing striae  and  fine  concentric  lines ;  sides  nearly  straight ;  apex 
not  central,  pointing   to   the  short  end.     Whitish,  with  reddish- 
brown  spots  and  lines,  visible  within. 
Length  7.5  to  12.5,  width  5  to  7.5  mill. 

New  England. 
This  is  doubtfully  distinct  from  teetudinalis. 


96  AMERICAN   MARINE    CONCHOLOGY. 

Family  DENTALID^E. 

Genus  DENTALIUM,  Linnaeus. 

Syst.  Nat.,  edit.  x.  785.     1758. 

The  "  tooth  shells"  are  tubular,  symmetrical,  curved,  open  at 
each  end,  attenuated  posteriorly;  surface  smooth  or  longitudinally 
striated  ;  aperture  circular,  not  constricted. 

The  animal  is  attached  to  its  shell  near  the  posterior  anal  ori- 
fice ;  head  rudimentary,  no  tentacles  or  eyes  ;  oral  orifice  fringed  ; 
foot  pointed,  conical,  with  symmetrical  side  lobes,  and  an  atten- 
uated base,  in  which  is  a  hollow  communicating  with  the  stomach. 
Branchiae  two,  symmetrical,  posterior  to  the  heart ;  blood  red ! 
Sexes  united  ?  Tongue  denticulate. 

These  anomalous  animals  are  animal  feeders ;  they  live  in  all 
seas,  ranging  from  ten  to  one  hundred  fathoms. 

1.  D.  DENTALE,  Linnaeus.     Fig.  195. 

Syst.  Nat.,  edit.  xii.  1263.     1767. 
Dentalium  striatum,  Montagu,  Test.  Brit.,  435.     1803. 
Dentalium  attenuatum,  Say,  Journ.  Philad.  Acad.,  iv.  154,  t.  8,  f,  3.     1825. 
Dentalium  occidentale,  Stimpson,  Shells  of  New  England,  28.     1851. 

Shell  slender  and  tapering,  shaped  like  an  elephant's  tusk ;  the 
tip  cut  off,  leaving  a  very  small  opening.  Surface  rather  glossy, 
yellowish-white,  marked  with  about  twenty  closely  arranged  une- 
qual rib-like  striae,  running  the  whole  length  of  the  shell. 

Length  1  inch. 

New  England. 

2.  D.  STRIOLATUM,  Stimpson.    Fig.  196. 

(Entalis.)     Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  iv.  114.     1851. 
Dentalium  entalis,  Mighels  (not  Linn.). 
Dentalium  abyssorum,  Sars.     1858. 

Shell  large,  slightly  curved,  rugose  from  the  growth  lines,  but 
destitute  of  longitudinal  striations.     White. 
Length  2  inches. 

Maine.     (Eur.) 

This  species  has  been  referred  to  the  genus  Entalis,  which  is 
said  to  be  distinguished  from  Dentalium  by  the  presence  of  a 
notch-like  or  narrow  longitudinal  fissure  communicating  with  the 
perforated  apex.  Upon  examination  of  a  large  number  of  species 
I  find  that,  in  some  at  least,  this  character  is  not  even  of  specific 
value. 


MARINE   MOLLUSCA   OF   THE   UNITED   STATES.  9f 

3.  D.  PLIOCENUM,  Tourney  and  Holmes.     Fig.  19f. 

Pliocene  Foss.  So.  Car.,  105,  t.  25,  f.  2.     1857. 

Shell  slightly  curved,  marked  by  about  thirty-eight  very  indis- 
tinct ribs,  which  become  obsolete  towards  the  base ;  lines  of 
growth  numerous,  indistinct ;  aperture  orbicular. 

(Living?)     South  Carolina. 

Family  CHITONID.E. 

Head  surrounded  by  a  semicircular  veil  or  hood ;  eyes  and 
tentacles  none;  mouth  with  cartilaginous  jaws;  gills  in  a  series 
of  lamellae,  between  the  mantle  and  foot  round  the  sides  and  pos- 
terior part  of  the  body ;  foot  oblong,  rounded  at  each  end.  Lin- 
gual ribbon  long  and  linear,  with  numerous  transverse  series  of 
teeth. 

The  Chitons  are  abnormal  mollusks  in  many  respects.  Their 
shell  in  eight  separate  but  connected  pieces  gives  them  an  articu- 
lated appearance ;  the  heart  is  central ;  the  reproductive  organs 
symmetrical,  with  two  orifices,  and  the  sexes  united ;  the  intes- 
tine is  straight,  and  the  anal  orifice  posterior  and  median. 

Notwithstanding  these  resemblances  to  the  annelids  they  are 
believed  to  be  more  closely  related  to  the  mollusca. 

Genus  CHITON,  Linnaeus. 
Syst.  Nat.,  edit.  x.  1758. 

1.  C.  MENDICABJUS,  Mighels  and  Adams.     Fig.  198. 

Bost.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.,  iv.  42,  t.  4,  f.  8.     1842. 
C.  Hanleyi,  Bean.  Thorpe's  Brit.  Mar.  Conch.,  263.     1844. 

Shell  cinereous,  with  dark  clouds,  long,  oval  with  obtuse  dorsal 
ridges;  surface  with  elevated  dots  or  granules,  disposed  in  longi- 
tudinal lines,  except  towards  the  margin,  where  they  are  irregular 
and  larger ;  no  visible  concentric  striae ;  triangular  areas  very  in- 
distinct, outer  whorls  small,  margin  coriaceous,  red. 

Length  25,  breadth  10  mill. 

Maine,  nortftwards.     (Eur.) 

2.  C.  APICULATUS,  Say.     Fig.  199. 

American  Conch.,  No.  7.     1834. 

Shell  oblong-oval,  convex ;  valves  obtusely  carinate,  the  central 
portion  of  the  posterior  margins  becoming  slightly  beaked  with 
age.  Lateral  areas  triangular,  studded  with  numerous  rounded 
tubercles,  obsolete  towards  the  apices,  more  numerous  towards 


98  AMERICAN   MARINE   CONCHOLOGY. 

the  lateral  margins,  which  are  rounded  with  an  elevated  marginal 
line.  Medial  areas  lozenge-shaped,  with  numerous  elevated 
rounded  dots  arranged  in  ten  or  twelve  series  on  each  side  of  the 
carina,  parallel  with  the  longitudinal  axis  of  the  body ;  grayish, 
bluish,  or  ferruginous. 

Length  13  to  25,  width  7.5  to  15  mill. 

Whole  Coast. 

3.  C.  CINEREUS,  Linnseus.     Fig.  200. 

Syst.  Nat.,  edit.  xii.  1107.     1767. 
Chiton  marginatm,  Pennant,  Brit.  Zool.,  iv.  61,  t.  36,  f.  2.     1777. 

Shell  small,  ovate,  carinate  and  pointed  behind ;  surface  appa- 
rently smooth,  but  under  the  lens  minutely  shagreened  in  dia- 
mond-shaped granules  ;  dull  ashen  or  greenish. 

Length  12,  width  7  mill. 

New  England.     (Eur.) 

4.  C.  MARMOREUS,  Fabricius.     Fig.  201. 

Fauna  Grceulandica,  420.     1780. 
C.  fulminatus,  Couthouy,  Bost.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.,  ii.,  p.  80,  t.  3,  f.  19.    1838. 

Shell  oblong-ovate,  rather  flat,  color  varying  from  bright  red  to 
yellowish  or  dark  reddish-brown,  with  numerous  fine  zigzag  whit- 
ish lines  arranged  over  the  whole  surface,  and  a  line  of  six  or 
eight  whitish  spots  alternating  with  dark  red  along  the  posterior 
edge  of  each  valve ;  valves  carinated  and  slightly  beaked,  their 
surface  covered  with  microscopic  granulations  arranged  in  quin- 
cunx ;  triangular  areas  very  indistinct;  margin  narrow,  coriaceous, 
coated  with  a  close,  short  down,  alternately  red  and  white. 

Length  17.5,  width  11.3  mill. 

New  England.     (Eur.} 

.5.  C.  ALBUS,  Montagu.     Fig.  202. 

Test.  Brit.  4.     1803. 

Chiton  aselloides,  Lowe,  Zool.  Journ.,  ii.  103,  t.  5,  f.  3. 
Chiton  sagrinatus,  Couthouy,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.,  xxxiv.  217.     1838. 

Shell  small ;  valves  with  a  small  beak,  minutely  crenulate  on  their 
anterior  margin,  subcarinate,  with  minute  striae  ;  surface  minutely 
shagreened ;  an  obsolete  diagonal  ridge  sometimes  divides  each 
side  into  triangular  areas,  but  for  the  most  part  without  any 
distinct  boundary;  margin  membranous  covered  with  beaded 
granules ;  grayish-white  under  a  pulverulent  black  epidermis ; 
marginal  membrane  ashy,  with  a  narrow  black  median  band. 

Length  10,  width  3.7  mill. 

New  England.     (Eur.) 


MARINE    MOLLUSCA   OP   THE   UNITED   STATES  99 

6.  C.  EMERSONII,  Conthouy.     Fig.  203. 

Am.  Journ.  Sci.,  xxxiv.  217.     1838. 
Chiton  vestitus,  Sowerby,  Zool.  Journ.,  iv.  368. 

Shelf  ovate-oblong,  broadest  behind ;  valves  uniform,  each 
with  a  central  heart-shaped  area,  with  bead-like  granules  or  tuber- 
cles in  concentric. series  round  the  margin,  the  remainder  covered 
with  a  soiled  downy  membrane ;  marginal  membrane  with  series 
of  yellow  hairy  tufts  ;  whitish. 

Length  20,  width  12.5  mill. 

^  New  England. 

7.  C.  RUBER,  Lowe.    Fig.  204. 

Zool.  Journ.,  iii.  101,  t.  5,  f.  2. 

Shell  small,  oval,  elevated,  carinated ;  surface  smooth  under 
the  lens,  except  the  lines  of  growth ;  valves  strongly  beaked ; 
light  bright  red  or  flesh-color  under  a  blackish  pigment ;  interior 
bright  rose-red. 

New  England.     (Eur.) 

Distinguished  from  C.  marmoreus  by  its  unpunctured  surface. 

ORDER  III.  OPISTHOBRANCHIATA. 

SECTION  A.  TECTIBRANCHIATA.  Animal  usually  provided  with 
a  shell,  both  in  the  larval  and  adult  state;  branchiae  covered  by 
the  shell  or  mantle ;  sexes  united. 

SECTION  B4.  NUDIBRANCHIATA.  Animal  destitute  of  a  shell  ex- 
cept in  the  embryo  state;  branchiae  always  external,  on  the  back 
or  sides  of  the  body ;  sexes  united. 

SECTION  A. 

Family  TORNATELLID^E.  Shell  external,  solid,  spiral  or  convo- 
luted ;  subcylindrical ;  aperture  long  and  narrow;  coluraella 
plaited ;  sometimes  operculated. 

Family  BULLION.  Shell  invested  by  the  animal,  globular  or 
cylindrical,  convoluted,  thin,  often  punctate  striated ;  spire  small 
or  concealed;  aperture  long,  rounded,  and  sinuated  in  front;  lip 
sharp.  No  operculum. 

Family  TORNATELLID^E. 

Genus  TOBNATELLA,  Lamarck. 

Extr.  d'un  Cours.     1812. 

Shell  solid,  ovate,  with  a  conical,  many-whorled  spire ;  spirally 
grooved  or  punctate  striate ;  aperture  long,  narrow,  rounded  in 


100  AMERICAN    MARINE   CONCHOLOQY. 

front  ;  outer  lip  sharp  ;  columella  with  a  strong  spiral  fold  ;  oper- 
culum  horny,  elliptical,  lamellar. 

Animal  white;  head  truncated  and  slightly  notched  in  front, 
furnished  posteriorly  with  recumbent  tentacular  lobes,  and  small 
eyes  near  their  inner  bases  ;  foot  oblong,  lateral  lobes  slightly  re- 
flected on  the  shell. 

There  are  few  living,  but  over  seventy  fossil  species.  Distribu- 
tion universal. 

1.  T.  PUNCTO-STIATA,  Adams.     Fig.  205. 

Bost.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist,  323,  t.  3,  f.  6.     1840. 

Shell  minute,  suboval,  polished  ;  whorls  four  to  five  ;  body 
whorl  large,  smooth  above  the  aperture  ;  beneath  it,  with  ten  to 
fifteen  punctate  revolving  lines  ;  spire  short,  rapidly  diminishing, 
with  a  shoulder  near  the  suture  ;  suture  deeply  impressed  ;  aper- 
ture two-thirds  the  length  of  the  body-whorl,  becoming  wider 
beneath  ;  pillar  lip  with  a  prominent  fold.  Umbilicus  open  in 
young  shells  ;  white. 

Length  2.5  to  3.T  mill. 

New  York  to  Massachusetts. 

Genus  RINGICTJLA,  Deshayes. 
Anini.  sans  Vert.,  viii.  341.     1838. 

Shell  small,  ventricose,  smooth  or  concentrically  striated  ;  spire 
small  ;  aperture  with  an  oblique  notch  in  front  ;  columella  callous, 
strongly  plicated  ;  outer  lip  thickened  and  reflected;  with  a  mar- 
ginal callus. 

1.  R.  NITIDA,  Yerrill. 

Am.  Journ.  Sci.,  16th  January,  1873. 

Shell  small,  white,  smooth,  broad  oval,  with  five  whorls  ;  spire 
rapidly  tapering,  subacute,  shorter  than  the  aperture;  whorls 
very  convex,  with  deep  suture,  and  a  subsutural  impressed  line  ; 
columella  stout,  recurved  at  the  end,  with  two  strong,  very  pro- 
minent equal,  spiral  folds,  the  anterior  one  projecting  beyond  the 
canal,  with  the  end  rounded. 

Length  4  -}-,  diam.  3  mill. 

England. 


Family  BCTLLHLE. 

Synopsis  of  Genera. 

Shell  convolute,  ovate  or  subglobose,  smooth,  generally  mottled  ;  spire  in- 
volute sunken,  causing  the  apex  to  be  tubular  or  perforate  ;  aperture  ex- 


MARINE   MOLLUSC  A   OF   THE   UNITED    STATES.  101 

tending  the  entire  length  of  the  body -whorl ;  inner  lip  simple  ;  columella 
none  ;  outer  lip  acute.  BULLA,  Klein. 

jShell  solid,  cylindrical,  involute  ;  spire  none  ;  apex  obtuse,  umbilicated ; 
aperture  narrow  and  linear,  as  long  as  the  body-whorl ;  inner  lip  callous, 
with  a  single  anterior  fold  ;  outer  lip  straight,  simple. 

CYLICHNA,  Love"n. 

Shell  rather  thin,  subcylindrical,  imperforate,  covered  with  an  epidermis  ; 
spire  distinct,  apex  obtuse,  not  mamillated,  sutures  simple,  not  canalicu- 
lated  ;  aperture  narrow  behind,  dilated  and  entire  in  front,  nearly  as  long 
as  the  body-whorl ;  columella  simple,  not  plicate  ;  outer  lip  straight, 
acute.  UTRICULUS,  Brown. 

Shell  thin,  hyaline,  subumbilicated,  inflated,  ovate  or  subglobose  ;  spire 
depressed,  with  a  mamillated  nucleus  ;  aperture  expanded,  not  extending 
beyond  the  body -whorl ;  columella  reflexed  and  sinuous  ;  outer  lip  sinu- 
ous, produced  anteriorly.  DIAPHANA,  Brown. 

Shell  ovate-pyriform,  convolute  ;  spire  distinct,  depressed,  somewhat  con- 
cealed ;  aperture  very  wide,  narrowed  behind,  entire  and  dilated  in  front ; 
inner  lip  spirally  convoluted  as  far  as  the  commencement  of  the  spire ; 
outer  lip  simple,  acute.  SCAPHANDER,  Montfort. 

Shell  concealed  in  the  mantle,  loosely  convolute,  thin,  fragile,  suborbicular 
or  ovate,  striate  or  punctate  ;  spire  small,  often  concealed  ;  aperture  very 
wide  and  open  ;  outer  lip  patulous.  PHILINE,  Ascanias. 

Genus  BULLA,  Klein. 
Ostracol,  82.     1753. 

The  eyes  are  conspicuous,  sessile  on  the  middle  of  the  frontal 
disk ;  mantle  with  the  outer  margin  forming  a  thick  fleshy  lobe ; 
foot  with  moderate  lateral  lobes  partly  investing  the  shell,  the 
hind  part  not  extending  beyond  the  shell. 

The  species  of  this  genus  inhabit  sandy  mud-flats,  the  slimy 
banks  of  river-mouths,  and  brackish  places  near  the  sea.  They 
feed  on  bivalves  and  other  mollusks,  which  they  swallow  whole, 
reducing  and  crushing  them  afterwards  by  the  calcareous  or  horny 
plates  of  their  powerful,  muscular  gizzard.  The  shells  are  rather 
solid,  smooth,  or  nearly  eo,  and  marbled  and  mottled  like  birds' 
eggs,  or  white. 

There  are  about  fifty  species,  inhabiting  temperate  and  tropical 
seas,  and  ranging  from  low  water  to  twenty-five  fathoms. 

1.  B.  INCINCTA,  Mighels. 

Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  i.  188.     1844. 

Shell  small,  cylindrical,  opaque,  white;  whorls  three,  the  first 
slightly  depressed,  the  last  distinctly  girded  above  the  middle ; 


102  AMERICAN   MARINE   CONCHOLOGY. 

epidermis  yellowish  ;  spire  obtuse,  elevated  ;  suture  canaliculate  ; 
aperture  narrow  above,  wide  and  rounded  below  ;  outer  lip  sharp, 
entire,  advanced  in  the  central  region,  with  a  fissure  posteriorly. 

Length  3,  diam.  1.5  mill. 

Casco  Bay,  Me. 

This  species  has  not  been  figured,  and  I  am  not  acquainted 
with  it ;  nor  has  it  been  found  since  the  date  of  the  original  de- 
scription. 

2.  B.  SOLITARIA,  Say.     Fig.  206. 

Journ.  Philad.  Acad.,  ii.  245.     1822. 
Sulla  insculpta,  Totten,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.,  xxviii.  350,  f.  4.     1835. 

Shell  small,  thin,  fragile,  pellucid,  oval,  impressed  at  the  top, 
with  numerous  microscopic  revolving  lines;  spire  none,  but  in  its 
place  a  pit ;  aperture  narrowly  linear  above,  wide  below  ;  umbili- 
cus none ;  white. 

Length  9,  diam.  6  mill. 

Whole  Coast. 

3.  B.  OCCULTA,  Mighels  and  Adams.     Fig.  207. 

Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  i.  50.     1841. 
Bulla  Eeinliardi,  Moller,  Ind.  Moll.  Green.,  6.     1842. 

Shell  small,  of  a  dingy-white  color,  ovate-cylindrical,  covered 
with  very  minute  transverse  striae,  and  with  indistinct  striae  of 
growth  ;  spire  concealed  ;  labrum  extends  a  little  below  the  spire, 
nearly  straight  above  the  centre,  regularly  rounded  below  and  at 
base ;  aperture  narrow  at  the  upper  part,  rather  broad  at  the  base. 
Length  5,  diam.  3.75  mill. 

New  England  to  Greenland.     (Eur.) 

Mr.  Jeffreys  says  this  is  identical  with  Cylichna  striata,  Brown, 
1827. 

Genus  CYLICHNA,  Loven. 
Ind.  Moll.  Scand.  10.     1846. 

In  this  genus  the  tentacular  lobes  are  connate,  indistinct; 
eyes  sessile  on  their  front  bases ;  mantle  with  a  thick  posterior 
lobe,  partially  closing  the  aperture  of  the  shell. 

The  species  chiefly  inhabit  deep  water,  and  the  genus  is  of 
world-wide  distribution. 
1.  C.  ALBA,  Brown.     Fig.  208. 

(Volvaria.)     Brit.  Conch.,  3,  t.  88,  f.  43-44.     1827. 
Bulla  triticea,  Couthouy,  Bost.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.,  ii.  88,  t.  2,  f.  8.     1838. 
Bulla  corticata,  Moller,  Ind.  Moll.  Green.,  6.     1842. 

Shell    polished,  cylindrical,  rather    solid;    spire    slightly   de- 


MARINE    MOLLUSCA    OF   THE    UNITED    STATES.  103 

pressed,  imperforate ;  surface  reticulated  by  fine  microscopic 
striae ;  lip  arising  from  the  margin  of  the  circular  pit  at  the  sum- 
mit of  the  spire ;  aperture  linear  above,  broad  below ;  umbilicus 
covered  with  enamel,  which  gradually  disappears  within  the  aper- 
ture ;  white  under  a  ferruginous  epidermis. 

Length  7.5,  diam.  2.5  mill.  .  V  ; 

New  England,  northwards.     (Fur.) 

2.  C.  ORYZA,  Totten.    Fig.  209. 

(Bulla.)     Am.  Journ.  Sci.,  xxviii.  350,  t.  5.     1835. 

Shell  minute,  not  very  thin ;  tip  depressed  into  a  shallow  pit, 
and  base  rather  acute ;  aperture  as  long  as  the  shell,  narrow  above 
and  wider  below  ;  outer  lip  sharp,  regularly  arched  rising  a  little 
higher  than  the  shoulder  ;  an  oblique,  truncated  fold  on  the  colu- 
mella ;  white. 

Length  7.5,  diam.  2.5  mill. 

New  England,  south  of  Cape  Cod.     (Eur.)    . 

According  to  Mr.  Jeffreys  this  shell  =  B.  utriculus,  Brocchi, 
1814. 

Genus  UTBICTJLTJS,  Brown. 
Brit.  Conch.     1844. 

Head  disk  very  short ;  tentacular  lobes  lateral,  rounded  ;  eyes 
none. 

1.  U.  GOULDII,  Couthouy.     Fig.  210,  211. 

(Bulla.)     Bost.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.,  ii.  181,  t.  4,  f.  8.     1839. 
U.  turritus,  Moller,  Ind.  Moll.  Grcenl.     1842. 
Bulla  pertenuis,  Mighels,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.,  i.  129.     1843. 

Shell  thin,  small,  of  four  whorls,  rounded  at  their  upper  edges, 
with  well-defined  sutures  and  fine  transverse  striae;  spire  de- 
pressed, discoidal,  sometimes  slightly  mammillated;  no  umbilicus  ; 
white,  with  yellowish  epidermis. 

Length  7.5,  diam.  2.5  mill. 

New  England.     (Eur.) 

The  Bulla  pertenuis  of  Mighels  (Fig.  211)  appears  to  be  the 
young  of  Oouldii. 

2.  U.  CANALICULATUS,  Say.     Fig.  212. 

(Volvaria.)     Journ.  Philad.  Acad.,  v.  211.     1826. 
Bulla  obstricta,  Gould,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.,  xxxvin.'196.     1840. 

Shell  minute,  cylindrical,  polished,  with  very  faint  lines  of 
growth ;  spire  convex,  a  little  elevated,  with  minute  but  promi- 
nent tip ;  whorls  about  five,  with  their  shoulders  very  obtusely 


104  AMERICAN    MARINE    CONCHOLOGY. 

grooved ;  outer  lip  arching  forward ;  inner  lip  with  a  thin  coat  of 
enamel,  with  a  single  oblique  fold  or  small  tooth  near  the  base ; 
whitish,  immaculate. 

Length  2.5  to  5  mill. 

New  England;  South  Carolina. 

3.  TJ.  BIPLICATUS,  H.  C.  Lea.     Fig.  213. 

(Bulla.)     Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  204.'    1844. 
Shell  cylindrical,  subquadrate,  thick,  whitish,  polished,  ivory- 
like;  spire  concealed  ;  last  whorl  with  a  callus  above,  and  small 
transverse  striae  below ;  mouth  narrow  above,  ovate  below  ;  colu- 

mella  with  a  large  and  a  small  fold. 

Cape  May,  N.  J. 

Genus  DIAPHANA,  Brown. 
Conch.  Text-Book,  112.     1833. 

Head-disk  broad  and  short ;  tentacular  lobes  short,  conical, 
lateral,  wide  apart ;  eyes  immersed  in  their  bases  behind  ;  mantle- 
margin  slightly  thickened ;  foot  short,  bilobed  behind. 

There  are  but  few  species,  of  northern  distribution. 

1.  D.  HIEMALIS,  Couthouy.     Fig.  214. 

(Bulla.)    Bost.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.,  ii.  180,  t.  4,  f.  5.     1839. 
UtriculuB  globosus,  Loven,  Ind.  Moll.  Scand.     1846. 

Shell  globular,  very  thin  and  brittle ;  the  body-whorl  envelop- 
ing all  the  others  so  as  to  leave  no  perceptible  spire,  and  marked 
with  the  lines  of  growth ;  aperture  narrow  above,  dilated  be- 
neath ;  outer  lip  strong,  and  regularly  curved ;  it  revolves  from 
its  junction  behind  nearly  a  third  of  a  revolution  before  it  turns 
forward ;  columella  slightly  arcuated  and  reflected  upon  the  bod}*- 
of  the  shell  so  as  to  form  a  small  but  distinct  umbilicus ;  hyaline, 
with  brownish  tinge. 

Length  2.5.  mill. 

New  England,  northwards.     (Eur.) 

2.  D.  HTALINUS,  Turton.     Fig.  215. 

(  Utriculus.)     London's  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  vii.  353.     1833. 
Bulla  debilis,  Gould,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.,  xxxviii.  19£    1840. 

Shell  small,  obliquely  ovate,  tumid,  thin  and  brittle ;  whorls 
four,  all  rising  to  the  same  height,  convexly  rounded  ;  last  whorl 
the  whole  length  of  the  shell ;  surface  smooth  ;  aperture  as  long 
as  the  shell,  widening  below,  outer  lip  slightly  waved,  inner  lip 


MARINE    MOLLUSC  A    OF   THE   UNITED    STATES.  105 

spread  out  into  a  thin  enamel  upon  the  body  of  the  shell,  partially 
covering  an  umbilical  indentation ;  greenish-white. 
Length  2.5  mill. 

New  England,  northwards.     (Eur.) 

Genus  SCAPHANDER,  Montfort. 
Conch.  Syst.,  ii.  335.     1810. 

Animal  not  investing  the  shell;  eyes  none;  foot  ample,  but 
short,  the  side  lobes  small. 

1.  S.  PUNCTO-STIATUS,  Mighels  and  Adams.     Fig.  216. 

(Bulla.)     Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  i.  49.    1841. 
S.  librarius,  Lov6n,  Ind.  Moll.  Scand.    1846. 

Shell  white,  rather  solid,  ovate,  with  crowded  inequidistant 
punctate  striae ;  spire  concealed ;  aperture  very  large,  labrum 
rising  above  the  apex,  very  sharp  and  regularly  arcuate ;  labium 
with  a  very  thin  lamina  extending  to  the  apex. 

Length  10,  diam.  6  mill. 

Casco  Bay,  Me.    (Eur.) 

Mr.  A.  E.  Yerrill  has  recently  obtained  specimens  in  deep  water 
off  St.  George's  Bank,  measuring  over  an  inch  in  length. 

Genus  PHILINE,  Ascanias. 
Act.  Holm.  1772. 

Animal  investing  the  shell ;  eyes  none ;  foot  not  produced  pos- 
teriorly, the  side  lobes  large  and  fleshy;  shell  concealed  in  the 
mantle.  % 

The  animals  composing  this  genus  are  blind,  like  most  creatures 
that  seek  their  food  by  burrowing.  They  frequent  mud-flats  and 
slimy  banks  at  the  entrances  of  rivers,  which  they  perforate  near 
the  surface,  and  probe  with  their  flattened  heads  for  the  small 
bivalves  which  constitute  their  prey ;  these  they  seize  and  swallow 
entire,  breaking  their  shells  by  means  of  their  testaceous,  muscu- 
lar gizzards.  There  are  about  twenty  species ;  distribution  uni- 
versal. 

1.  P.  SINUATA,  Stimpson.     Fig.  21  f. 

Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  iii.  333.    1850. 

Shell  minute,  ovate,  white,  pellucid,  longitudinally  striate ; 
spire  conspicuous ;  aperture  anteriorly  dilated . 

Length  1.T5,  diam.  1.25  mill. 

The  animal  is  yellowish,  elongated ;  darkest  behind,  with  dots 
and  patches  qf  white. 


106  AMERICAN    MARINE   CONCHOLOGY. 

The  ova  are  deposited  in  the  latter  part  of  August.  They  are 
minute,  white,  and  enveloped  in  a  gelatinous  mass,  which  is  glo- 
bular, hyaline,  and  somewhat  larger  than  the  animal. 

Massachusetts. 

2.  P.  QUADRATA,  Searles-Wood.     Fig.  218. 

Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  n.  ser.,  iii.  461,  t.  7,  f.  1.     1839. 
Philine  formosa,  Stimpson,  Bost.  Proc.,  iii.  334.     1850. 

Shell  minute,  squarely  globose,  subtruncated  anteriorly,  white, 
shining,  subopaque,  thickened  posteriorly,  punctured  with  inequi- 
distant,  sometimes  undulated,  revolving  striae ;  apex  deeply  exca- 
vated, columella  sinuose,  broadly  and  lightly  callous  ;  lip  crenu- 
lated  posteriorly  ;  aperture  very  wide. 
Length  4.5,  diam.  3.5  mill. 

New  England,  northwards.    (Zetland*.) 

3.  P.  LINEOLATA,  Couthouy.     Fig.  219. 

(Bulla.)  Bost.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.,  iii.  179,  t.  3,  f.  15.  1832. 
Shell- very  small,  oblong-ovate,  broadest  at  the  base,  thin  and 
fragile ;  whorls  three ;  the  last  inflated  and  enveloping  all  the 
others,  with  numerous  impressed  minute  revolving  striae ;  spire 
small,  prominent,  flattened,  with  the  outer  lip  arising  from  near 
its  summit ;  aperture  the  whole  length  of  the  shell,  narrow  above, 
dilated  beneath,  somewhat  effuse  at  the  base ;  a  faint  oblique  fold 
near  the  middle  of  the  columella ;  pale-brown,  with  a  thin  ferru- 
ginous epidermis  ;  within  glossy  yellowish-white. 

Length  3.75  mill.,  diam.  2  mill. 

Massachusetts,  northwards. 

According  to  Mr.  Gwyn  Jeffreys  this  species  =  lima.  Brown, 
1827. 

Section  B.  NUDIBRANCHIATA. 

Gills  exposed  or  contractile  into  cavities  on  the  surface  of  the 
mantle;  adult  animal  without  any  shell ;  larva  shell-bearing;  foot 
elongate,  formed  for  walking ;  sexes  united. 

*  Gills  plumose,  on  the  hinder  part  of  the  mantle,  disposed  in  a  circle  or 
semicircle,  round  the  vent.     Anthobranchiata. 

Family  DORIDID^E.  Mantle-edge  simple  ;  gills  surrounding  the 
vent,  on  the  middle  of  the  hinder  part  of  the  back,  in  a  common 
cavity. 

The  gills  are  retractile  into  a  common  cavity,  and  the  mantle  is 
very  large,  either  entirely  or  almost  covering  and  concealing  the 
foot. 


MARINE   MOLLUSCA    OF   THE    UNITED   STATES.  107 

Family  TRIOPID^E.  Mantle  small,  edged  with  tentacular  ap- 
pendages ;  gills  on  the  middle  of  the  hinder  part  of  the  back,  in 
a  common  cavit3r  surrounding  the  vent ;  vent  dorsal. 

*  OilU  various,  not  arranged  round  the  vent  but  usually  in  rows 
along  the  sides  of  the  body. 

Family  TRITONIID^E.  Tongue  broad,  teeth  many  in  each  cross 
series;  jaws  horny;  gills  superficial,  fusiform,  or  branched  on 
each  side  of  the  back ;  vent  lateral  ;  foot  linear,  channeled. 

Family  DOTONID^E.  Tongue  narrow ;  teeth  in  a  single  central 
series ;  tentacles  sheathed  at  the  base,  retractile  ;  gills  superficial, 
fusiform,  on  the  sides  of  the  back. 

Family  JEOLIDID^E.  Tongue  narrow ;  teeth  in  a  single  central 
series;  jaws  horny;  tentacles  subulate,  simple,  rarely  ringed,  con- 
tractile; gills  superficial,  fusiform,  or  branched  on  the  sides  of 
the  back ;  vent  lateral. 

Family  HERM^ID^E.  Body  elongated,  not  provided  with  a  dis- 
tinct mantle ;  mouth  unarmed,  or  with  corneous  jaws ;  tentacles 
sometimes  wanting ;  when  present  two,  dorsal,  non-retractile ; 
gills  papillose ;  vent  usually  central,  on  the  posterior  half  of  the 
back ;  genital  orifice  at  the  right  side. 

The  dorsal  position  of  the  vent  and  the  indistinct  mantle  dis- 
tinguish this  family  from  jEolididx,  and  the  presence  of  papillose 
gills  from  Elysiidse. 

Family  ELYSIIDSE.  Body  limaciform,  clothed  with  cilia ;  tongue 
narrow ;  teeth  in  a  single  central  series ;  tentacles  subulate  or 
linear,  folded ;  eyes  sessile,  near  the  bases  of  the  tentacles  ;  gills 
in  the  form  of  plaits  or  vessels  radiating  on  the  surface  of  the 
back ;  vent  central,  dorsal  on  the  hinder  part  of  the  back. 

Family  LIMAPONTIID^J.  Body  depressed;  tongue  narrow; 
teeth  in  a  single,  central  series ;  tentacles  none,  or  simple,  con- 
tractile ;  gills  none  external. 

Family  DORIDID^E. 

These  animals  are  most  attractive  nudibranchs,  and  may  be 
studied  by  placing  them  in  glass  reservoirs  of  salt-water,  as  they 
are  by  no  means  shy,  but  extend  their  tentacles  and  display  their 
branchial  plumes  to  great  advantage.  In  this  family  the  gills 
are  retractile  into  a  common  cavity,  and  the  mantle  is  very  large, 
either  entirely  or  almost  covering  and  concealing  the  foot: 


108  AMERICAN   MARINE   CONCHOLOGY. 

Synopsis  of  Genera. 

Subfamily  DORIDIN^E. 

Body  depressed,  rounded  above  ;  mantle  convex,  large,  simple,  cover- 
ing the  head  and  foot. 

Tentacles  dorsal,  subclavate,  laminated,  retractile  within  a  cavity  ; 
gills  arborescent,  retractile  ;  vent  in  the  centre  of  the  gills. 

DORIS,  Linnaeus. 

Body  covered  with  an  ample,  smooth  mantle,  oval,  convex ;  dorsal 
tentacles  retractile,  without  sheaths  ;  head  prominent,  the  lateral 
angles  prolonged  anteriorly  as  short  oval  palpi  or  tentacles ;  foot 
broad,  cordate  ;  branchiae  posterior,  in  the  groove  between  the  man- 
tle and  foot.  DORIDELLA,  Verrill. 

Subfamily  POLYCERIN^S. 

Body  elongate,  subangular ;  mantle  indistinct. 

Body  smooth  or  tuberculated  ;  tentacles  clavate,  pectinate,  non-re- 
tractile, without  sheaths  ;  a  frontal  veil  with  simple  processes  on  the 
head  ;  gills  with  two  or  more  lateral  appendages. 

POLYCERA,  Cuvier.  * 

Genus  DORIS,  Linnaeus. 
Syst.  Nat.,  edit.  x.  653.     1758. 

The  branchial  plumes  form  an  elaborate  coronal  around  the 
vent,  which,  viewed  with  a  common  lens  in  a  vessel  of  water, 
forms,  when  fully  expanded,  a  beautiful  object.  The  surface  of 
the  mantle  is  either  smooth  or  tubercular,  and  the  sheaths  of  the 
tentacles  are  often  crenate  on  their  margins. 

1.  D.  BILAMELLATA,  Liiyuens.     Fig.  220. 

Syst.  Nat.,  edit.  xii.  1083.    1767. 
Doris  fusca,  Muller,  Zool.  Dan.  Prodr.  229.     1780. 
Doris  verrucosa,  Pennant,  Brit.  Zool.,  iv.  43,  t.  21,  f.  23.     1777. 
Doris  vulgaris,  Leach,  Syn.  Moll.  Gr.  Brit.  19. 
Doris  Elfortiana,  Leach,  Ibid.,  20,  t.  7,  f.  1. 
Doris  affinis,  Thompson,  Ann.  Nat.  Hist.,  v.  85. 
Doris  liturata,  Beck,  Moller,  Ind.  Moll.  Grcenl.,  5. 
Doris  obvelata,  Bouchard,  Cat.  Moll.  Boul.,  42. 
Doris  coronata,   Agassiz,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  iii.  191. 

Body  elliptical,  covered,  with  pestle-shaped  papillae,  whitish 
varied  with  rusty  brown  or  flesh-color,  and  opaque  white ;  branchiae 
twenty  to  twenty-five,  long,  linear,  simply  pinnate,  arranged  trans- 
versely in  an  oval,  including  several  tubercles. 

Length  about  an  inch,  width  half  an  inch. 

New  England  to  Greenland,  N.  Europe. 


MARINE    MOLLUSCA   OF   THE   UNITED    STATES.  109 

2.  D.  TENELLA  Agassiz.     Fig.  221. 

Gould.  Invert.  Mass.,  2d  edit.  229,  t.  20,  f.  289,  290,  293.     1870. 

Body  ovate,  covered  with  small,  pointed  tubercles,  yellowish- 
white  ;  branchial  plumes  six  to  seven,  simple ;  mantle  extended 
anteriorly  beyond  the  foot,  head  dilated  laterally. 

Length  half  an  inch,  breadth  three-eighths  of  an  inch. 

Massachusetts.  _ 

This  and  the  following  species  are  both  referred  by  Verrill  (Am. 
Journ.  Sci.,  ii.  407,  1870)  to  the  genus  Onchidoris,  which  differs 
from  Doris  partly  in  the  gills  being  retractile  into  separate  cavi- 
ties. 

3.  D.  ASPERA,  Alder  and  Hancock.     Fig.  222. 

Ann.  Nat.  Hist.,  ix.  32. 

D.  pallida,  Agassiz,  Proc.  Bost.  Nat.  Hist.,  iii.  191.     1849. 
Proctaporia  fusca,  Morch.  Grcenl.  Bloddyr,  6.     1857. 

Body  elongated,  sides  parallel,  ends  equally  rounded,  covered 
with  large  mushroom-like  tubercles,  cream-colored;  branchial 
plumes  seven  to  eight,  simple,  retractile. 

Length  half  an  inch,  breadth  one-fourth  of  an  inch. 

Gould  calls  this  species  D.  pallida,  Agassiz,  and  writes  (Invert. 
Mass,  edit.  ii.  230),  "  It  is  pretty  certainly  D.  aspera,  Alder  and 
Hancock,  but  if  the  exhibition  of  a  colored  drawing  is  a  valid 
claim,  the  name  of  Agassiz  has  precedence."  If  the  drawing  had 
been  published  with  a  name  attached  to  it,  it  would  have  secured 
priority,  but  as  it  was  merely  shown  at  a  meeting  of  the  Boston 

Society,  the  claim  is  simply  ridiculous. 

Massachusetts.     (Eur.) 

4.  D.  TUBERCULATA,  Cuvicr,  180,  2,  1802.     Fig.  223. 

D.  diademata,  Agassiz,  Gould,  Invert.  Mass.,  2d  edit.  230,  t.  21,  f.  298,  300 

to  304.  .  1870. 

Body  oblong-oval,  'slightly  broader  anteriorly,  maroon-color, 
darkened  on  the  sides  by  numerous  dusky  points,  dark  gray 
below;  branchial  plumes  nine,  simple;  head  short,  concentric, 
pointed. 

Length  one  and  a  half  inch,  breadth  nearly  an  inch. 

Massachusetts. 

5.  D.  REPANDA,  Alder  and  Hancock.     Fig.  224. 

Ann.  Nat.  Hist.,  ix.  32. 
Doris  planulata,  Stimpson,  Invert.  Grand  Manan,  26,  f.  14.     1853. 

Body  broad,  mantle  extended  beyond  the  foot,  covered  with 


HO  AMERICAN    MARINE    CONCHOLOGY. 

white  minute  tubercles ;  white,  with  a  row  of  irregular  bright- 
yellow  spots  down  each  side ;  branchial  plumes  ten,  small,  pin- 
nated. 

Length  15,  breadth  12  mill. 

New  England,  N.  Europe. 

6.  D.  GRISEA,  Stimpson.     Fig.  225. 

Gould,  Invert.  Mass.,  232,  t.  20,  f.  292,  295.     1870. 
Body   oblong-oval,  covered  with  blunt  processes  tipped  with 
stellate  clusters  of  spiculse;  branchial   plumes  short,  yellowish, 
arranged  in  a  circle  around  a  dark  bristle ;  head  short,  broad,  an- 
gular. 

Length  13,  breadth  9  mill. 

Massachusetts. 

Yerrill  (Am.  Journ.  Sci.,  1.  408,  1870)  places  this  species  in  the 
genus  Onchidoris. 

7.  D.  BIFIDA,  Yerrill. 

Am.  Journ.  Sci.,  1.  406.     1870. 

Broadly  oval,  widest  anteriorly,  back  very  convex,  mantle 
covered  with  pointed  papillae.  Tentacles  rather  long,  thickest  in 
middle,  the  outer  half  strongly  plicated,  but  with  a  smooth  tip, 
the  base  surrounded  by  small  papillae.  Dark  purple-brown,  with 
white  spots ;  the  edges  and  tips  of  the  gills  yellow. 
Length  1  inch,  breadth  J  inch. 

Eastport,  Maine. 

Genus  DORIDELLA,  Verrill. 
Am.  Journ.  Sci.,  1.  408.     1870. 

1.  D.  OBSCURA,  Yerrill.     Fig.  226. 

Am.  Journ.  Sci.,  1.  408,  f.  2.     1870. 

Broadly  oval;  back  convex,  smooth.  Foot  broad,  cordate  in 
front.  Oval  disk  broad,  emarginate  or  with  concave  outline  in 
front ;  the  angles  somewhat  produced,  forming  short,  tentacle-like 
organs.  Dorsal  tentacles  small,  stout,  retractile.  Color  blackish, 
lighter  towards  the  edge,  as  if  covered  with  nearly  confluent  black 
spots ;  foot,  dral  disk,  and  dorsal  tentacles  white  ;  the  central  part 
of  the  body,  beneath,  bright  yellow. 

Length  7.5,  breadth  5  mill. 

New  Haven,  Conn. 


MARINE   MOLLUSCA   OF   THE    UNITED    STATES.  Ill 

Genus  POLYCERA,  Cuvier. 
Regn.  Anim.  II.  390,  1817. 

Animal  smooth  or  tuberculated  ;  tentacles  clubbed  and  pecti- 
nated, not  retractile,  and  without  sheaths ;  frontal  veil  consisting 
of  a  series  of  tentaculiform  appendages  variable  in  number,  often 
extending  along  the  borders  of  the  mantle ;  branchiae  forming 
part  of  a  circle  around  the  vent,  encased  by  membranous  laminae 
•which  protect  them. 

1.  P.  LESSONII,  Orb.    Fig.  22 1. 

Mag.  de  Zool.,  vii.  5,  t.  105. 

Polycera  citrina,  Alder,  Ann.  Nat.  Hist.,  vi.  304,  t.  9,  f.  1-9.     1841. 
Polycera  modesta,  Loven,  Index  Moll.  Grcenl.,  6.    1846. 
Doris  illuminate  Gould,  Invert.  Mass.,  edit.  i.  4.     1841. 

Massachusetts;  North  Europe. 

Family  TRIOPID^E. 

In  this  family  the  body  is  somewhat  angular,  and  the  mantle  is 
distinct  and  furnished  with  tubercular  appendages ;  the  species 
of  the  genera  comprising  this  group  constitute  some  of  the  most 
delicate  and  beautiful  forms  of  nudibranchiate  mollusks. 

Genus  ANCTJLA,  Loven. 
Ind.  Moll.  Scand.,  5.     1846. 

Body  slender,  with  clavate  processes  bordering  the  branchial 
region  of  the  back  ;  tentacles  clavate,  perfoliate,  laminated,  armed 
at  the  base  with  styliform  appendages. 

1.  A  SULPHUBEA,  Stimpson.     Fig.  228. 
Invert.  Grand  Manan,  26.     1853. 

Body  long,  slender,  light  brownish ;  branchial  plumes  three, 
arranged  in  a  semicircle,  anterior  largest,  doubly  pinnate ;  sur- 
rounding tentacular  processes  eight  to  twelve,  sulphur-tipped; 
oral  tentacles  long,  the  processes  arising  from  their  very  base. 

Length  30  mill. 

Family  TRITONIHbE. 

Many  of  the  genera  of  this  family  are  pelagic,  and  are  often 
found  crawling  on  the  fronds  of  floating  algae  or  clinging  to  the 
narrow  sterns  of  gulf-weed,  which  is  frequently  met  with  in  large 
masses  at  considerable  distance  from  the  land ;  these  mimic  forests- 


112  AMERICAN   MARINE   CONCHOLOGT. 

tenanted  by  their  singular  molluscan  inhabitants,  thus  serve  in 
some  measure  to  enliven  the  solitude  of  the  ocean. 

Genus  DENDBONOTUS,  Alder  and  Hancock. 

Tentacles  clavate,  laminated ;  front  of  head  with  branched  ap- 
pendages ;  gills  ramose,  arranged  in  a  single  series  down  each  side 
of  the  back. 

1.  D.  ARBORESCENS,  Muller.     229. 

(Doris.)    Zool.  Dan.  Prodr.,  229.     1780. 
Tritonia  Reynoldsii,  Couthouy,  Boat.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.,  ii.  74,  t.  2,  f.  1-4. 

1838. 

Tritonia  lactea,  Thompson,  Ann.  Nat.  Hist.,  v.  88,  t.  2,  f.  3. 
Tritonia  pulchella,  Alder  and  Hancock,  Ann.  Nat.  Hist.,  ix.  33. 

Body  tapering  to  the  tail,  which  ends  acutely ;  sides  with  nu- 
merous papillae ;  head  short,  depressed,  orbicular,  supporting  three 
pair  of  gills ;  mouth  crescent-shaped,  papillose,  with  strong  trans- 
verse folds ;  jaws  angular ;  tentacula  arising  from  the  back  of 
the  head,  and  received  into  a  round  sheath,  which  terminates  in 
five  unequal  branches ;  five  pair  of  dorsal  gills,  all  susceptible  of 
being  retracted  into  the  body  of  the  animal,  leaving  in  their  places 
small  tubercles ;  rufous  brown,  occasionally  dark  brown,  with 
patches  of  white  on  the  back  between  the  branchial  tufts ;  foot 
white,  diaphanous. 

Length  3.5  inches. 

New  England  ;  Northern  Europe. 

2.  D.  ROBUSTUS,  Yerrill.     Fig.  230. 

Am.  Journ.  Sci.,  1.  405,  f.  1.     1870. 

Eastport,  Maine;  Grand  Manan  Island.     (Eur.) 

Family  DOTONIDJE. 

Genus  DOTO,  Oken. 
Lehrb.  Naturg.     1815. 

Head  covered  by  a  simple  veil ;  tentacles  linear,  sheaths  trum- 
pet-shaped ;  gills  clavate,  compound,  or  rough,  with  whorls  of 
tubercles  ranged  in  a  single  series  on  each  side  of  the  back. 

The  tentacular  sheaths  have  simple  margins,  and  the  ovate 
branchiae  are  rough  with  tubercles ;  the  front  of  the  head  is  sim- 
ple, and  the  foot  is  linear ;  they  appear  to  feed  on  hydroid  zoo- 
phytes. 


MARINE   MOLLUSGA   OF   THE    UNITED   STATES.  113 

1.  D.  CORONATA,  Gmelin.     Fig.  231. 

(.Doris.)     Syst.  Nat.  i.  3105.     1790. 
Melibaa  coronata,  Johnston,  Ann.  Nat.  Hist.,  i.  117,  t.  3,  f.  5-8. 

Animal    yellowish,   dotted   with    red  ;    veil    square   in   front  ; 
branchiae  five  to  seven  on  each  side,  ovate  club-shaped,  bearing 
several  circles  of  papillae  with  dark  red  tips. 
Length  half  an  inch. 

New  England.     (Eur.) 


Family 

Synopsis  of  Genera. 

Body  broad  ;  tentacles  four,  smooth,  elongate,  subulate  ;  labial  feelers 
elongate  ;  gills  papillose,  arranged  in  longitudinal  rows,  not.  clustered, 
numerous,  depressed,  and  imbricated.  JEoLis,  Cuvier. 

Tentacles  subulate,  annulate,  or  perfoliate  ;  labial  feelers  subulate  ;  gills 
clustered,  or  arranged  in  separate  tufts  along  the  back. 

FLABELLINA,  Cuvier. 
Body  linear  :  tentacles  subulate,  smooth,  simple  ;  labial  feelers  short  ;  gills 

in  a  single  row  on  each  side  ;  foot  square  in  front.      TE^GIPES,  Cuvier. 
Head  without  tentacles  ;  labial  feelers  very  long  and  tapering  ;  gills  pyri- 
form,  placed  in  longitudinal  lines  ;  front  of  foot  angular. 

CALLIOP^JA,  D'Orbigny. 

Genus  JEOLIS,  Cuvier. 
Tabl.  Elem.     1798. 

1.  M.  PAPILLOSA,  Linnseus.     Fig.  232. 

(Limax.y   Syst.  Nat.,  edit.  xii.  1082.     1767. 
Eolis  farinacea,  Fould,  Stimpson,  Invert.  Grand  Manan,  25.     1853.  l 

Animal  ovate-oblong,  depressed,  dusky  or  orange-colored,  dotted 
with  brown,  ochreous,  or  white;  branchiae  numerous,  somewhat 
compressed,  crowded  and  imbricated,  eighteen  to  twenty-four 
oblique  ranges;  dorsal  tentacles  short,  smooth,  conical,  labial 
tentacles  short  and  simple;  angles  of  foot  slightly  prolonged. 
Length  two  to  three  inches,  breadth  one-third  the  length. 

New  England;  Northern  Europe.     • 

2.  M.  SALMONAOEA,  Couthouy.    Fig.  233. 

(Eolis.)     Bost.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.,  ii.  68,  t.  1,  f.  2.    1838. 
Eolis  Bodoensis,  Moll.     Moll.  Green.  1842. 

Body  nearly  diaphanous  ;  back  with  a  conspicuous  elevation  in 
the  middle  ;  head  large,  with  four  tentacula  ;  the  superior  minutely 

1  There  are  about  a  dozen  additional  synonymic  names  by  British  authors. 
8 


114  AMERICAN    MARINE   CONCHOLOGY. 

'  serrated ;  mouth  /\ -shaped  ;  branchiae  in  longitudinal  series,  one 
hundred  or  more ;  foot  with  two  short  processes  in  front,  and 
ending  in  a  point  behind;  pale  yellowish-white;  branchial  cirri 
salmon-colored,  bordering  on  orange. 

Length  one  and  three-quarters  inch. 

Charles  River,  Mass. 

Genus  FLABELLINA,  Cuvier. 

1.  F.  BOSTONIENSIS,  Couthony.     Fig.  234. 

(Eotis.)  Bost.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.,  ii.  67,  t.  1,  f.  1.  1838. 
Body  elongate,  lanceolate,  delicate  drab-color,  with  a  silvery 
line  on  the  tail  and  on  the  back  of  the  anterior  tentacles,  which 
are  long,  subulate ;  posterior  tentacles  shorter,  serrated  at  tips  ; 
branchiae  curved  lanceolate,  nucleus  drab-colored,  tips  white,  in 
four  to  six  distant  groups  on  each  side ;  angles  of  foot  much  pro- 
duced. 

Length  25,  diam.  7.5  mill. 

Massachusetts. 

2.  F.  RUFIBRANCHIALIS,  Johnston.     Fig.  235. 

(Eolidia.)     Loud.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  v.  428. 
Eolidia  Embletoni,  Johnston,  Ibid.,  viii.  79. 
Eolis  Mananensis,  Stimpson,  Invert.  Grand  Manan,  26.     1853. 

Body  slender,  tapering,  white ;  oval  and  dorsal  tentacles  sub- 
equal  ;  branchiae  nearly  linear,  variable  in  length,  disposed  in  six 
or  seven  clusters  on  each  side,  interior  of  a  bright  vermillion, 
with  an  opaque  white  rim  near  tip ;  anterior  angles  of  foot  pro- 
longed and  folded  transversely. 

Length  one  inch. 

New  England,  northwards.     (Eur.) 

3.  F.  PILATA,  Gould.     Fig.  236. 

Invert.  Mass.,  2d  edit.  243,  t.  19,  f.  270,  277,  279,  281.     1870. 
Body  elongated,  a  carmine  line  margined  with  silvery  dots  be- 
,  tween  the  tentacles  and  each  tuft  of  branchiae,  tail  silvery ;  tenta- 
cles subulate,  simple,  tipped  with  silvery,  branchiae  clavate,  con- 
tracted at  tip,  which  has  two  silvery  zones,  nucleus  pale-chestnut, 
arranged  in  five  or  more  distant  groups  of  two  transverse  ranges. 
Length  37,  breadth  6  mill. 

Charles  River,  Mass. 

4.  F.  S.TELLATA,  Stimpson.     Fig.  237. 

(Eolis.)     Invert.  Grand  Manan,  25.     1853. 
Body   slender,  pale-white;    dorsal    tentacles    wrinkled    trans- 


MARINE    MOLLUSCA   OF   THE    UNITED    STATES.  115 

versely,  long,  but  shorter  than  oral ;  branchiae  few,  arranged  in 
about  five  clusters  on  each  side,  those  of  second  and  third  being 
longest,  giving  a  star-like  appearance  to  the  animal  when  rolled 
up  ;  foot  strongly  auricled  in  front. 
Length  10  mill. 

Grand  Manan  Island. 

5.  F.  PURPUREA,  Stimpson. 

&•        (Eolis.)     Invert,  prand  Manan,  25.     1853. 

Body  large,  full,  robust,  tentacles  rather  short,  thick,  smooth ; 
the  dorsal  ones  with  the  eyes  far  behind  their  bases  ;  papillae  large, 
flattened,  crowded,  arranged  in  five  or  six  clusters  on  each  side, 
leaving  the  middle  third  of  the  body  bare  ;  foot  broad,  with  short 
auricles  in  front ;  mouth  disk  large,  triangular ;  body  pale-whitish, 
dark  in  the  middle  line,  from  the  viscera  showing  through ;  pa- 
pillae dark-purplish,  with  the  tips  covered  with  intense  white 
specks. 

Length  1  inch. 

Duck  Island. 

6.  F.  PICTA,  Alder  and  Hancock.     Fig.  238. 

\Eolis.)    Monog.  Nud.  Moll.,  t.  33.     1847. 

Yellowish- white,  blotched  with  brownish-amber ;  oral  tentacles 
short,  stout ;  dorsal  tentacles  twice  as  long,  simple,  with  an  amber 
ring  at  outer  third ;  branchiae  like  an  olive-jar,  arranged  in  six  or 
eight  series  ;  foot  narrower  than  body,  obtuse  posteriorly,  anterior 
angles  rounded. 

Length  18,  breadth  4.5  mill. 

Massachusetts. 

7.  F.  DIVERSA,  Couthouy.     Fig.  239. 

(Eolis.)     Bost.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.,  ii.  187,  t.  4,  f.  14.     1839. 
Body  lanceolate,  acutely  pointed,  pale-yellow;  oral  tentacles 
long   and   delicate ;    dorsal  tentacles   shorter,   linear ;    branchije 
lanceolate,  externally  transparent  and  colorless,  interior  orange, 
thickly  arranged  along  the  sides  in  transverse  series  of  three  or 
four ;  foot  with  the  angles  slightly  dilated. 
Length  31,  breadth  8  mill. 

New  England;  Grand  Manan. 


116  AMERICAN   MARINE   CONCHOLOGY. 

Genus  TERGIPES,  Cuvier. 
Ann.  du  Mus.,  xix.     1812.   * 

1.  T.  DESPECTA,  Johnston.     Fig.  240. 

(Eolis.)     Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  viii.  378,  f.  35«. 

Animal  colorless,  with  a  zigzag  olive  stripe  along  the  back ; 
branchiae  large,  ovate,  in  a  single  series  along  each  side ;  dorsal 
tentacles  long ;  angles  of  foot  not  produced. 

Length  6,  breadth  1.25  mill. 

Massachusetts;  Scotland. 

2.  T.  GYMNOTA,  Couthouy.     Fig.  241. 

(Eolis.)     Bost.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.,  ii.  69,  t.  1,  f.  3.     1838. 

Animal  small,  tapering  to  a  fine  point,  watery  white;  tentacles 
short,  the  posterior  pair  minutely  serrated ;  branchiae  in  seven' 
lateral  clusters  of  about  five  each,  slightly  club-shaped,  having  a 
reddish-brown  centre. 

Length  25,  diam.  2.5  mill. 

Massachusetts. 

Genus  CALLIOPJEA,  Orb. 
Mag.  Zooi:,  t.  108.     1837. 

1.  C.  FUSCATA,  Gould.     Fig.  241a. 

Invert.  Mass.,  edit.  ii.  250,  t.  16,  f.  218-221.     1870. 

Animal  semic}Tlindrical,  attenuated  behind,  dark  slate-colored ; 
head  not  distinct,  excavated  in  front ;  tentacles  two,  long,  pointed; 
branchiae  long,  club-shaped,  slender  at  base,  alternating  in  two 
parallel  rows  on  the  two  posterior  thirds  of  each  side,  the  lower 
series  much  the  smaller;  foot  bilobed  in  front,  contracted  poste- 
riorly. 

Length  7.5,  diam.  .8  mill. 

Massachusetts. 

Family  HERM^EID^E. 

Synopsis  of  Genera. 

Tentacles  two,  longitudinally  folded ;  head  without  lobes ;  gills  elongate, 
papillose,  smooth,  arranged  along  the  sides  of  the  back. 

HERM^A,  Loven. 

Head  without  tentacles,  produced  into  a  lobe  on  each  side  ;  gills  papillose, 
arranged  in  transverse  rows  on  the  sides  of  the  back. 

ALDEEIA,  Allman. 

Tentacles  two,  simple,  undefended,  contractile,  sublateral ;  a  large  labial 
veil,  produced  on  each  side  into  an  oblong,  flat  lobe  ;  gills  simple,  papil- 
lose, lateral,  in  a  simple  series  on  each  side  of  the  back  ;  foot  rather 
broad.  CLCELIA,  Loven. 


MARINE   MOLLUSCA   OP   THE    UNITED    STATES.  lit 

• 

Genus  HERM.EA,  Loven. 
Ofvers.  Kong.  Vet.  Acad.  Handl.     1844. 

1.  H.  CRUCIATA,  Alex.  Agassiz.     Fig.  242*. 

Gould,  Invert.  Mass.,  edit.  ii.  253,  t.  17,  f.  256.  1870. 
Body  very  slender,  the  tail  much  attenuated;  foot  narrower 
than  the  body,  obtusely  dilated  at  the  anterior  angles ;  head  small, 
semicircular ;  mouth  inferior ;  tentacles  dilated  and  obtusely 
pointed,  the  superior  face  longer  than  the  inferior ;  branchiae  di- 
lated, shaped  much  like  trefoil  or  the  ace  of  clubs,  the  biliary 
organs  within  having  a  rude  cruciate  form ;  there  are  seven  prin- 
cipal ones  on  each  side,  and  eight  or  ten  intermediate  much 
smaller  ones. 

Massachusetts. 

Genus  ALDERIA,  Allman. 
Thompson,  Rep.  Faun.  Ireland.     1844. 

1.  A.  HARVARDIENSIS,  Agassiz.     Fig.  243. 

Gould,  Invert.  Mass.,  edit.  ii.  254,  t.  16,  f.  226-228.    1870. 
Animal  broad  lanceolate,  ochreous-brown ;  foot  yellow  ;  lateral 
prolongations  of  head  tentacular;    branchiae  short,  curved,  en- 
larging towards  the  tips,  in  about  six  clusters,  of  two  each,  on 
either  side,  of  which  the  lower  one  is  much  smaller. 

Length  12,  breadth  4  mill. 

•'  '  Massachusetts;  Grand  Manan. 

Genus  CLCELIA,  Loven. 
Embletonia,  Alder  and. Hancock,  Ann.  Mag.,  viii.  294.    1851. 

1.  C.  FUSCATA,  Gould.     Fig.  244. 

(Embletonia.)  Invert.  Mass.,  edit.  ii.  251,  1. 16,  f.  229-232.  1870. 
Animal  subcylindrical,  narrowing  back  wards;  tail  short,  pointed, 
drab-colored;  head  larger  than  body,  broad  angles  rounded, 
slightly  emarginate;  tentacles  short;  branchiae  club-shaped,  ar- 
ranged in  five  or  six  tufts  on  each  side  of  the  posterior  portion 
of  the  body ;  angles  of  foot  not  dilated. 

Length  4,  breadth  .66  mill. 

Massachusetts. 

2.  C.  REMIGATA,  Gould.    Fig.  245. 

(Embletonia.)     Invert.  Mass.,  edit.  ii.  252,  t.  16,  f.  214-217.     1870. 
Animal  long,  slender,  uniform  pale-yellow ;  head  large,  emargi- 
nate, angles  dilated  into  triangular  lobes  with  blunt  points ;  ten- 


118  '  AMERICAN   MARINE   CONCHOLOGY. 

tacles  long,  linear;  branchiae  removed  from  head,  arranged  on 
each  side  in  distant  tufts,  the  last  pair  at  extremity  of  tail. 

Length  6,  breadth  1.2.mill. 

Massachusetts. 

t       Family  ELYSIIDJB. 

In  this  family  the  respiratory  function  appears  to  be  performed 
by  the  entire  surface  of  the  body,  special  organs  for  that  purpose 
being  almost  obsolete. 

Synopsis  of  Genera. 

Body  with  the  lateral  ridges  dilated  into  wing-like  natatory  appendages, 
not  united  ;  head  distinct,  with  two  conspicuous  auriform  tentacles. 

ELTSIA,  liisso. 

Body  with  lateral  lobes  united  together  posteriorly  over  the  hack. 

ELYSIELLA,  Yerrill. 

Genus  ELY8IA,  Risso. 
Journ.  Phys.,  376.     1818.      . 
1.  E.  CHLOROTICA,  Agassiz.    Fig.  246. 

Gould,  Invert.  Mass.,  edit.  ii.  255,  t.  17,  f.  251-255.  1870. 
Animal  emerald-green,  dotted  with  white  and  red  spots ;  slen- 
der, tapering  behind,  with  broad  lateral  expansions,  folded  and 
overlapping  each  other  on  the  back  when  the  animal  is  in  motion ; 
tentacles  two,  lanceolate,  folded  beneath ;  head  distinct,  obtuse, 
slightly  emarginate;  anterior  angles  of  foot  widely  produced, 

triangular. 

Massachusetts. 

Genus  ELYSIELLA,  Verrill. 
Am.  Journ.  Sci.,  ser.  III.,  iii.  283,  t.  7,  f.  5.     1872. 

1.  E.  CATULUS,  Agassiz.    Fig.  24 T. 

(Placobranchus.)     Gould,  Invert.  Mass.,  edit.  ii.  256,  t.  17,  f.  249, 

250.     1870. 
f  Placobranchus  simplex,  Girard,  Bost.  Proc.,  v.  89.     1854. 

Animal  sea-green  with  whitish  spots ;  body  ovate-lanceolate ; 
lateral  expansions  two-thirds  its  length,  not  meeting  when  reflected 
over  the  back;   head  large,  rounded,  globose;   tentacles  short, 
blunt,  broad ;  foot  wide  as  body,  square  in  front,  pointed  behind. 
Length  6,  breadth  2.3  mill. 

Massachusetts. 


MARINE   MOLLUSCA   OP   THE   UNITED    STATES.  119 

Family  LIMAPONTIID^E. 

In  this  group  of  slug-like  forms  the  branchial  appendages  are 
altogether  absent,  or  represented  only  by  simple  lobes  or  ridges  on 
the  sides  of  the  body ;  the  tentacles  are  linear,  and  not  longitu- 
dinally folded  as  in  Elysiidae,  and  the  body  is  depressed. 

Genus  LIMAPONTIA,  Forbes. 
London's  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  v.  979.     1832. 

Head  elevated  at  the  sides  into  two  crest-like  ridges ;  eyes 
large,  sessile  on  the  back  of  the  head,  in  the  centre  of  pale  circu- 
lar spaces ;  mantle  distinct. 

Gregarious,  feeding  on  confervse  in  small  pools  above  half-tide. 
1.  L.  ZONATA,  Girard. 

(Niobe.)     Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  iv.  211.r  1852. 
Less  than  a  line  in  length ;  separation  of  body  and  head  not 
distinctly  defined  ;  pale-reddish  with  transverse  white  bands. 

Boston  Harbor,  Mass. 

ORDER  IV.  PTEROPODA. 

*  Head  indistinct,  with  two  wings  on  the  sides  of  the  mouth ;  gills 
internal;  body  inclosed  in  a  shell.     Thecosomata. 

Family  CAVOLINID^B.  Animal  with  two  united  fins  without 
any  posterior  foot-like  appendage  between  them ;  abdomen  volu- 
minous ;  gills  in  pairs  ;.  shell  calcareous,  symmetrical,  elongate  or 
globular. 

Family  CYMBULIID^:.  Animal  globular  or  ovate;  fins  two,  ho- 
rizontal, opposite,  on  each  side  of  the  mouth,  with  a  small  inter- 
mediate lobe  ;  shell  cartilaginous,  slipper-shaped,  rarely  wanting. 

Family  LIMACINID^E.  Animal  elongate,  spiral ;  mouth  at  the 
union  of  the  two  fins  and  intermediate  lobe,  with  two  small  labial 
swellings ;  fins  elongate,  rounded  and  united  at  their  base  by  an 
intermediate  lobe  bearing  an  operculum ;  mantle  large,  open  in 
front,  forming  a  large  gill  cavity;  gills  internal;  shell  spiral, 
transparent ;  operculum  distinct,  spiral,  vitreous,  of  few  whorls. 

**  Head  distinct;  wings  two,  or  four,  at  the  junction  between  the  head  and 
the  body,  with  a  central  intermediate  lobe  or  rudimentary  foot ;  gills  ex- 
terior; no  shell.  Gymnosomata. 

Family  CLIONID^E.  Animal  fusiform;  head  with  a  series  of 
conical  prominences  on  each  side  ;  wings  two. 


120  AMERICAN   MARINE   CONCHOLOGY. 

Family  CAYOLINID^E. 

•Synopsis  of  Genera! 

Body  short,  sometimes  furnished  with  lateral  appendages  ;  shell  globular  ; 
'  mouth  narrower  than  the  internal  cavity,  with  a  lateral  slit  on  each  side, 

interrupted  in  front.  CAVOLINA,  Gioe'ni. 

Body  short,  sometimes  furnished  with  lateral  appendages  ;  shell  globular, 
mouth  narrower  than  the  cavity,  with  a  slit  on  each  side,  not  interrupted 
in  front ;  apex  often  truncated  in  the  adult.  DIACBIA,  Gray. 

Animal  elongate,  conical,  without  lateral  appendages ;  shell  elongate,  an- 
,    gular,  conical ;  mouth  larger  than  the  cavity,  without  any  lateral  slits. 

CLIO,  Browne. 

Body  elongate,  conical,  rounded  ;.  shell  elongate,  conical,  subcylindrical ; 
mouth  larger  than  the  cavity,  without  any  lateral  slit. 

STYLIOLA,  Lesueur. 

*     Genus  CAVOLINA,  Gioeni. 
Desc.     1783. 

1.  C.  TRIDENTATA,  Grmelin.     Fig.  248. 

Syst.  Nat.,  3348.     1790. 
Shell  yellowish,  pellucid,  thin,  very  finely  striated  transversely  ; 

terminal  tooth  longer  than  the  lateral  ones. 

Martha's  Vineyard. 

Dredged  20-25  fms.  The  distribution  of  this  species  is  uni- 
versal. 

Genus  DIACBIA,  Gray. 
Syn.  Brit.  Mus.     1840. 

1.  C.  TRISPINOSA,  Lesueur.     Fig.  249. 

Blainv.  Diet.  Sc.  Nat.,  xxii.  82.     1782. 

Shell  elongated,  straight,  dilated  anteriorly,  compressed  on  each 
side,  terminated  posteriorly,  with  a  very  long  spine,  armed  late- 
rally with  two  short  spines. 

Nantucket  (Europe,  Rio  Janeiro). 

Genus  CLIO,  Browne. 
Hist.  Jamaica,  386.     1756. 
Cleodora,  Peron  et  Lesueur,  Ann.  Mus.,  xv.     1810. 

1.  C.  PYRAMIDATA,  Linnaeus.     Fig.  250. 

Gmelin,  Syst.  Nat.,  3148.     1790. 
Shell  triangular,  pyramidal,  short ;  mouth  obliquely  truncated. 


MARINE    MOLLUSCA    OP    THE    UNITED    STATES.  121 

Genus  STYLIOLA,  Lesueur. 
Blainville,  Man.  Malacol.     1825. 
Cresseis,  Rang.  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.,  xiii.  302.     1828. 
1.  S.  VITREA,  Yerrill.     Fig.  251. 

Am.  Journ.  Sci.,  3d  ser.  III.  248,  t.  6,  f.  7.     1872. 
Shell  smooth,  polished,  diaphanous,  almost  glassy,  long  conical, 
rather  slender,  slightly  curved  towards  the  acute  apex. 
Length  12,  diam.  2  mill. 

Animal  white  ;  swimming  organs  obovate,  with  the  end  broadly 
rounded,  and  bearing  the  slender  tapering  tentacles  near  the  mid- 
dle of  the  anterior  edge;  intermediate  lobe  short,  rounded  in 

front. 

Martha's  Vineyard. 

Family  CYMBULIID^E,  Gray. 
Syn.  Brit.  Mus.     1840. 

Genus  PSYCHE,  Rang. 
Ann.  Sci.  Nat.,  v.  284.     1825.      s 

1.  P.  GLOBULOSA,  Rang.     Fig.  252. 

Ann.  Sci.  Nat.,  v.  283.     1825. 

Body  round,  diaphanous,  mouth  slightly  arched,  fins  long, 
rounded  at  their  extremity,  narrowed  at  their  base,  with  a  slight 
shell-case  above ;  viscera  of  a  handsome  purple,  forming  an  ovoid 
mass,  suspended  in  the  middle  of  the  body. 

St.  Pierre  and  Miquelon. 

Family  LIMACINIDJ3,  Gray. 
Syn.  Brit.  Mus.     1840. 

Synopsis  of  Genera. 

Shell  subglobose,  subdiscoidal,  sinistral ;  spire  slightly  raised ;  the  last 
whorl  with  an  obscure  keel ;  axis  umbilicated,  keeled  on  the  edge  ;  oper- 
culum  ?  LIMACINA,  Cuvier. 

Shell  thin,  vitreous,  discoidal,  depressed,  sinistral ;  axis  umbilicated ; 
whorls  smooth  ;  aperture  angulated  below  or  canaliculated,  sometimes 
prolonged  into  a  spine-like  curved  beak ;  operculum  glossy,  thin,  trans- 
parent, of  few  whorls,  with  a  central  muscular  scar. 

SPIKIALIS,  Eydoux  and  Souleyet. 

Genus  LIMACINA,  Cuvier. 
Regne  Anim.,  ii.  380.     1817. 

1.  L.  HELICINA,  Gmelin.     Fig.  253. 
(Clio.)     Sy st.  Nat.,  3149.     1790. 
Shell   subglobose,  subdiscoidal;   spire  slightly  raised;  whorls 


122  AMERICAN    MARINE    CONCHOLOGY. 

six,  last  large,  with  a  very  obscure  keel ;  axis  umbilicated,  keeled 
on  the  edge. 

Diam.  10  mill. 

Arctic  Seas. 

Genus  SPIRIALIS,  Eydouxand  Souleyet. 
Rev.  Zool.,  235.     1840. 

1.  S.  GOULDII,  Stimpson.     Fig.  254. 

Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  iv.  8.     1851. 

Heterofusus  balea,  Binney  (not  Holler),  Gould's  Invert.,  edit.  ii.  505.  1870. 
Shell  ovate-globose,  vitreous,  very  thin,  pellucid,  very  light, 
narrowly  and  deeply  umbilicated ;  spire  conoid ;  whorls  seven, 
sculptured  by  minute,  distant,  unimpressed,  revolving  lines  ;  last 
whorl  large ;  aperture  about  equalling  the  spire,  obtuse  in  front. 

Length  2.5,  breadth  1.8  mill. 

Massachusetts  Bay. 

2.  S.  ALEXANDRA  Yerrill.     Fig.  255. 

Am.  Journ.  Sci.,  3d  ser.  iii.  281.     1872. 
Heterofusus  retroversus,  Binney  (not  Fleming),  Gould's  Invert.,  edit.  ii. 

505.    1870. 
Spirialis  Flemingii?  A.  Agassiz  (not  Forbes),  Bost.  Proc.,  x.  14.     1865. 

Body-whorl  very  ventricose ;  spire  of  four  whorls,  not  forming 

half  the  length  of  the  shell. 

Nahant,  Mass. 

Family  CLIONID  JB,  Gray. 
Syn.  Brit.  Mus.     1840. 

Genus  CLIONE,  Pallas. 
Spicil  Zool.,  x.  28.     1774. 

1.  C.  LIMAOINA,  Phipps.     Fig.  256. 

{Clio.)    Voyt  North  Pole,  195.     1774. 
Clio  borealis,  Brug.  Encyc.  Meth.  Vers.,  i.  506.     1792. 

Gelatinous,  pellucid,  pale-blue ;  mouth  and  end  of  the  body 
scarlet  when  out  of  water,  hyaline ;  wings  somewhat  triangular  ; 
tail  acute. 

Portland,  Me.,  northwards. 

CLASS  ACEPHALA. 

Animal  without  head,  always  aquatic,  contained  within  a  bi- 
valve-shell, one  valve  of  which  is  applied  to  the  right  and  the 
other  to  the  left  side  of  the  body. 


MARINE   MOLLUSCA   OF   THE   UNITED   STATES.  123 

SYNOPSIS  OF  FAMILIES. 

A.  Animal  provided  with  siphons. 
a.  Pallial  impression  sinuated 

PHOLADIM.  Shell  free;  valves  equal,  gaping  at  both  ends, 
thin,  white,  brittle,  armed  in  front  with  rasp-like  imbrications, 
without  hinge-teeth,  and  strengthened  externally  by  accessory 
valves ;  hinge  plate  reflexed  over  the  beaks,  and  furnished  with  a 
long,  curved,  tooth-like  process  beneath  each ;  anterior  muscular 
impression  on  the  hinge-plate;  pallia!  sinus  very  deep;  living 
perpendicularly  in  holes  in  rock  or  sand. 

GASTROCH^ENID^J.  Animal  symmetrical,  elongated ;  with  two 
long  contractile  siphons  posteriorly,  united  nearly  to  their  extre- 
mities, which  are  fringed  with  cirrated  orifices.  Shell :  Valves 
thin,  gaping,  edentulous,  ligament  external,  adductor  impressions 
two,  pallial  line  sinuated  ;  contained  within  a  shelly  tube,  both 
valves  free,  or  one  or  both  valves  cemented  to  its  walls. 

Burrowing  in  wood,  stone,  sand  or  mud  at  low  water  mark,  and 
lining  the  burrow  with  a  calcareous  tube. 

TEREDID^E.  Animal  worm-like  ;  siphons  furnished  at  their  ex- 
tremities with  two  shelly  styles  or  palletes ;  shell  contained  in  a 
shelly  tube,  globose,  its  valves  trilobate,  gaping  anteriorly  and  be- 
hind, without  hinge-teeth  or  accessory  valves ;  hinge-plate  reflexed 
over  the  beaks,  and  furnished  with  a  long  tooth-like  process  be- 
neath each ;  living  in  burrows  in  wood,  which  they  line  with  a 
calcareous  tube. 

ANATINID^E.  Often  inequi valve,  thin  ;  interior  nacreous  ;  sur- 
face granular  ;  ligament  external,  thin  ;  cartilage  internal,  placed 
in  corresponding  pits  and  furnished  with  a  free  ossicle ;  muscular 
impressions  faint,  the  anterior  elongated ;  pallial  line  usually 
sinuated. 

SAXICAVIDJE.  Shell  equi valve,  solid,  gaping  at  each  end  ;  hinge- 
teeth  rudimentary;  cartilage  external,  thick,  prominent;  pallial 
impression  irregular,  sinuated  posteriorly ;  perforating  stones  or 
imbedded  in  sand  or  mud. 

MYID^E.  Shell  thick,  strong,  opaque,  porcellanous,  gaping  pos- 
teriorly, valves  usually  unequal,  covered  with  a  wrinkled  epider- 
mis; hinge  simple,  toothless,  but  with  a  hollow  process  of  the 
beak  in  one  valve,  containing  the  ligament. 

SOLENID^E.     Shell  elongated,  gaping  at  the  ends  ;  ligament  ex- 


124  AMERICAN    MARINE   CONCHOLOGT. 

ternal ;  large,  lineal,  marginal,  supported  on  a  prominent  pad  or 
fulcrum  ;  hinge-teeth  usually  2-3,  compressed,  the  posterior  bifid  ; 
usually  living  buried  vertically  in  the  sand. 

MACTRIM.  Shell  equivalve,  trigonal,  close  or  slightly  gaping; 
cartilage  contained  in  a  deep  triangular  pit  of  the  hinge-plate ; 
hinge  with  two  diverging  cardinal  teeth,  and  usually  with  anterior 
and  posterior  laterals ;  pallial  sinus  short,  rounded. 

TELLINID^E.  Shell  free,  regular;  hinge  with  two  cardinal  teeth, 
at  most,  in  each  valve,  'sometimes  lateral  teeth ;  ligament  external 
or  internal,  on  the  shorter  side  of  the  shell;  pallial  impression 
largely  and  deeply  sinuated. 

VENERID^E.  Shell  regular,  closed,  suborbicular  or  oblong; 
ligament  external ;  hinge  with  usually  three  diverging  teeth  in 
each  valve;  muscular  impressions  oval,  polished;  pallial  line 
sinuated. 

6.  Pallial  line  simple,  without  sinus. 

CYPRINID^E.  Shell  regular,  equivalve,  oval  or  elongated  ;  valves 
close,  solid ;  epidermis  thick  and  dark ;  ligament  external,  con- 
spicuous ;  cardinal  teeth  1-3  in  each  valve,  and  usually  a  posterior 
lateral  tooth ;  pedal  scars  close  to,  or  confluent  with,  the  adductors; 
pallial  line  simple. 

LUCINID^B.  Shell  orbicular,  free,  closed ;  hinge-teeth  1  or  2, 
laterals  1-1  or  obsolete;  muscular  impressions  2,  elongated, rugose; 
ligament  inconspicuous  or  subinternal. 

CARDIID^B.  Shell  regular,  equivalve,  free,  cordate,  ornamented 
with  radiating  ribs  ;  posterior  slope  sculptured  differently  from  the 
front  and  sides ;  cardinal  teeth  two,  laterals  1-1  in  each  valve ; 
ligament  external,  short  and  prominent;  muscular  impressions 
subquadrate. 

CHAMID^B.  Shell  inequivalve,  thick,  attached  ;  beaks  subspiral ; 
ligament  external;  hinge-teeth  2  in  one  valve,  1  in  the  other;  ad- 
ductor impressions  large,  reticulated  ;  pallial  line  simple. 

B.  Animal  without  /Siphons  ;  Pallial  line  simple. 

ARCADE.  Shell  free,  regular,  equivalve,  with  strong  epidermis ; 
hinge  with  a  long  row  of  similar,  comb-like  teeth ;  pallial  line  dis- 
tinct; muscular  impressions  subequal. 

MYTILID^E.  Shell  free,  equivalve,  obliquely  oval  or  elongated, 
closed,  uinbones  anterior,  epidermis  thick  and  dark,  often  filamen- 
tose;  ligament  internal,  submarginal,  very  long;  hinge  without 


MARINE   MOLLUSC  A   OF   THE    UNITED   STATES.  125 

teeth,  or  with  very  minute  teeth ;  anterior  muscular  impression 
small  and  narrow,  posterior  large,  obscure. 

AVICULID^E.  Shell  inequivalve,  very  obliquely  resting  on  the 
smaller  (right)  valve,  and  attached  by  a  byssus ;  posterior  muscu- 
lar impression  large,  subcentral,  anterior  small,  within  the  umbo ; 
pallial  line  irregularly  dotted ;  hinge  line  straight,  elongated ; 
umbones  anterior,  eared,  the  posterior  ear  wing-like ;  cartilage 
contained  in  one  or  several  grooves ;  hinge  edentulous  or  obscurely 
toothed. 

OSTR^EID^E.  Shell  inequivalve,  slightly  inequilateral,  free  or  ad- 
herent, resting  on  one  valve ;  beaks  central,  straight ;  ligament 
internal  ;  epidermis  thin ;  adductor  impression  single,  behind  the 
centre;  pallial  line  obscure;  hinge  with  or  without  primary  teeth. 

Family  PHOLADID^E. 

Synopsis  of  Genera. 

*  Anterior  hiatus  always  open.    PHOLADIN.E. 

Dorsal  valves  placed  anterior  and  posterior  to  the  beaks,  umbonal  processes 
reflected  over  the  beaks,  closely  applied.  PHOLAS. 

Dorsal  valves  lanceolate,  placed  side  by  side.    Umbonal  process-es  reflected 
over  the  beaks,  cellular  beneath.  DACTYLINA. 

Destitute  of  accessory  valves.  ZIBPH^A. 

**  Anterior  ventral  gap  closed  in  the  adult  by  a  callous  plate. 

JOUANNETINJE. 

With  a  single  accessory  valve.  MABTESIA. 

With  two  accessory  valves,  the  principal  plate  over  the  umbones,  with  a 
smaller  anterior  one  adjoining.  DIPLOTHTKA. 

Genus  PHOLAS,  Linnaeus. 
Syst.  Nat.,  edit.  x.     1758. 

There  are  but  four  recent  species  of  Pholas  known,  as  now  re- 
stricted, and  they  are  very  easily  distinguishable  from  each  other. 

*  Margins  of  the  valves  regularly  rounded  anteriorly.        P.  COSTATA. 
**  Anterior  ventral  margin  emarginate.  P.  TKUNCATA. 

1.  P.  -COSTATA,  Linnaeus.     Figs.  257-259.  / 

Syst.  Nat.,  edit.  xii.  1111.     1767. 

Shell  very  large,  thin,  inflated,  with  strong  crenulate  radiating 
ribs,  about  half  an  inch  apart  on  the  basal  margin,  armed  with 
vaulted  scales  caused  by  the  elevation  of  growth  striae. 
Vertical  axis  2,  transverse  7  inches. 

Whole  Coast  from  New  Bedford,  Mass.,  to  Wett  Indict. 


126  AMERICAN   MARINE   CONCHOLOGY. 

Subgenus  CYRTOPLEUKA,  Tryon. 
Monog.  Pholadacea,  73.     1862. 

Margin  of  the  valves  emarginate  anteriorly,  making  a  short, 
wide  hiatus. 

2.  P.  TRUNCATA,  Say.     Figs.  260,  261. 
Journ.  Philad.  Acad.,  ii.  321.     1822. 

Shell  subpentangular ;  anterior  obtusely  rostrated,  wedge-shaped 
in  the  middle ;  posterior  margin  broadly  truncated  at  the  tip ; 
valves  transversely  wrinkled,  crossed  by  striae,  muricated  ante- 
riorly by  small  erect  scales,  which  form  ribs  from  the  beak  to 
basal  margin. 

Yertical  axis  1,  transverse  2.5  inches. 
Whole  Coast  from  Sable  Island  to  W.  Indies;  also  W.  Coast  of  8.  A. 

Genus  DACTYLINA,  Gray. 
Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  187.     1847. 

In  the  t3rpical  form  of  this  genus  the  nuclei  of  the  dorsal  valves 
are  situated  at  their  outer  margins,  posterior  to  the  centre ;  the 
valves  are  much  emarginate  anteriorty,  forming  a  short,  wide 
hiatus.  I  have  characterized  as  a  subgenus,  a  form  of  which  our 
American  species  is  the  type,  as  follows : — 

Subgenus  GITOCENTRTJM,  Tryon. 
Monog.  Pholadacea,  75.     1862. 

Nuclei  of  the  dorsal  valves  anterior,  situated  nearer  the  inner 
margin ;  dorsal  plates  marked  by  radiating  lines ;  valves  not 
emarginate  anteriorly,  but  regularly  rounded;  hiatus  long  and 
narrow. 

1.  D.  CAMPEOHENSIS,  Gmelin.     Figs.  262,  263. 

(Pholas.)    Syst.  Nat.,  3216.     1790. 

Pholas  oblongata,  Say,  Journ.  Philad.  Acad.,  ii.  320.     1822. 
Pholas  Candeana,  Orb.  Moll.  Cuba,  215,  t.  25,  f.  18,  19. 
Pholas  CMloensis,  King,  Zool.  Journ.,  v.  334.     1832. 

Shell  thin,  white  transversely,  much  elongated  ;  basal  and  hinge 
margins  nearly  parallel ;  anterior  and  posterior  margins  rounded  ; 
valves  transversely  and  longitudinally  striated,  the  stride  muri- 
cated and  elevated  on  the  anterior  side  into  costse,  which  are 
more  prominently  and  densely  muricated ;  hinge  callus  polished, 


MARINE   MOLLUSCA   OF   THE    UNITED   STATES.  12 Y 

minutely   striated   transversely   and  longitudinally,  and  having 
about  twelve  cells. 

Transverse  axis  4J,  vertical  1 J  inches. 

/So.  Carolina  to  West  Indies. 

Yery  common  on  the  southern  coast,  penetrating  compact  mud 
or  clay.  It  cannot  be  distinguished  from  D.  Chiloensis,  King,  a 
species  inhabiting  the  west  coast  of  South  America. 

Genus  ZIBPHJEA,  Leach. 
Gray,  Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  2d  ser.  viii.  385.     1851. 

1.  Z.  CRISPATA,  Linnaeus.     Figs.  265,  265,  and  266. 

(Pholas.)     Syst.  Nat.,  edit.  xii.  1111.     1767. 
PJiolas  semicostata,  H.  C.  Lea,  Bost.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.,  285,  t.  24,  f.  1. 

Shell  large,  thick  and  strong,  oval-oblong,  rounded  behind,  sub- 
angular  or  beaked  in  front ;  both  extremities  widely  gaping,  the 
valves  touching  only  at  the  hinge  and  middle  of  the  basal  mar- 
gin ;  surface  divided  into  two  portions  by  a  broad  furrow,  running 
almost  vertically  from  the  beaks  to  the  base  ;  the  anterior  portion 
coarsely  marked  with  lamellar  concentric  plates;  within  smooth, 
but  showing  the  outer  broad  vertical  furrow ;  soiled  grayish-white, 
occasionally  rust-colored. 

Transverse  axis  2.5,  vertical  1.5  inches. 

Northern  United  States.     (Eur. ) 

Subfamily  JONANNETINJ3,  Tryon. 
Proc.  A.  N.  S.  Philad.     1862. 

Genus  MAETESIA,  Leach. 
Blainville,  Diet.  Sc.  Nat.     1824. 

1.  M.  CUNEIFORMS,  Say.     Figs.  26Y,  268. 

(Pholas.)    Journ.  Philad.  Acad.,  ii.  322.     1822. 

Wedge-shaped;  anterior  margin  nearly  closed,  transversely 
truncated  from  the  hinge ;  posterior  margin  with  a  rounded  lip ; 
a  deep  furrow  from  the  beak  to  the  middle  of  the  basal  margin, 
impressed  within;  surface  with  transverse  undulating  striae,  with 
elevated  minutely  crenate  lines ;  hinge  callus,  forming  a  cavity 
before,  and  without  cells;  dentiform  process  filiform,  incurved; 
hinge  plate  ovate-triangular,  with  a  short  projecting  angle  on  the 
anterior  middle,  and  subacute  behind ;  white. 

Transverse  axis  20,  vertical  11.25  mill. 
(Penetrating  wood.)     Southern  Coast;  New  Haven,  Conn.     (Perkins.) 


128  AMERICAN   MARINE   CONCHOLOGY. 

Genus  DIPLOTHYRA,  Tryon. 
Proc.  Philad.  Acad.     1862. 

1.  D.  SMITHII,  Tryon.     Fig.  269. 
Proc.  Philad.  Acad.     1862. 

Shell  short,  ovate,  divided  in  the  middle  by  an  oblique  im- 
pressed line,  posterior  to  which  the  surface  is  covered  with  growth 
lines  only,  but  anteriorly  it  is  finely  and  sharply  transversely 
sculptured,  and  obsoletely,  radiately  ribbed  in  some  specimens ; 
the  umbonal  plates  are  generally  much  distorted,  so  that  no  par- 
ticular form  can  be  traced  throughout  all  the  specimens,  though 
the  more  perfect  approach  to  that  depicted  in  the  magnified 
figure. 

Transverse  axis  15,  vertical  10  mill. 

(Burrowing  in  oyster  shells.)     Tottenville,  Staten  Island,  N.  Y. 

Family  GASTROCELENID.^,  Gray. 
Zool.  Proc.  London.     1858. 

Genus  ROCELLAKIA,  Fleuriau  de  Bellevue. 

(Rupettaria.)    Journ.  de  Physique.,  liv.     1802. 
Gastrochcena  (partim)  Auct. 

Shell  regular,  equivalve;  valve*  ovate  or  cuneiform,  widely 
gaping  anteriorly,  very  unequilateral ;  umbones  anterior,  ligament 
long  and  narrow ;  pallial  line  lightly  impressed,  sinuated,  uniting 
the  muscular  impressions ;  tube  claviform  or  irregular,  often  in- 
complete, perforating  shells  and  limestone,  to  which  its  walls  are 
sometimes  adherent. 

1.  R.  OVATA,  Sowerby.     Fig.  2  "70. 

(Gattrochama.)    Zool.  Proc.  21.     1834. 

Shell  ovate,  whitish,,  longitudinally  striate,  strige  narrow ;  an- 
terior length  one-fifth  that  of  the  posterior  side. 
Length  30,  alt.  17.50  mill. 

Charleston,  8.  C.     (W.  Stimpson.) 

This  species  inhabits  the  West  Indies,  and  also  occurs  on  the 
Pacific  side  of  Central  America. 

2.  R.  STIMPSONII,  Tryon.    Fig.  271. 

Proc.  Philad.  Acad.     1862. 

Shell  narrowly  elongate,  white,  anterior  extremity  very  short, 
acuminate j  valves  densely  concentrically  striate;  umbones  scarcely 


MARINE    MOLLUSC  A   OF   THE    UNITED    STATES.  129 

prominent,  nearty  terminal ;  hiatus  narrowly  elongate,  nearly  ex- 
tending the  total  length  of  the  shell ;  dorsal  and  ventral  margins 
nearly  parallel. 

Length  16,  alt.  6  mill. 

Beaufort,  N.  C.     (W.  Stimpson.) 

Family  TEREDID^,  Carpenter. 
Lectures  on  Mollusca,  100.     1861. 

The  shelly  tube  of  the  ship-worm  is  subcylindrical,  divided 
longitudinal^  and  often  concamerated  by  numerous,  incomplete, 
transverse  partitions  ;  the  siphonal  palettes  or  stylets  assist  in 
compressing  and  relaxing  the  siphons  to  facilitate  the  flow  of 
water  through  the  long  canal. 

The  Teredines  live  in  most  seas,  perforating  wood  in  the  direc- 
tion of  the  grain  by  means  of  the  mechanical  attrition  of  their 
valves ;  these  tortuous  perforations  are  lined  by  calcareous  matter 
forming  the  tubes.  The  animal  is  useful  in  destroying  fragments 
of  wrecks  and  floating  timber,  but  causes  great  destruction  to 
dikes,  wharves,  and  to  ships  when  the  timbers  are  not  protected 
from  its  ravages. 

Synopsis  of  Genera. 

Pallets  simple.  TEREDO. 

Pallets  compound,  the  blade  penniform,  composed  of  a  number  of  jointed 

setae.       ,.  XYLOTRYA. 

Genus  TEEEDO,  Linnaeus. 
Syst,  Nat.,  edit,  x.,  p.  651.     1753. 

1.  T.  DILATATA,  Stimpson.     Figs.  272,  273,  and  274. 

Bost.  Proc.,  iv.  113.     1851. 

Diameters  nearly  equal ;  wing  large,  not  ascending  so  high  as 
the  beak,  but  passing  off  from  it  by  a  gentle  slope,  descending 
below  the  anterior  triangle,  having  no  defining  exterior  groove, 
slightly  concave  and  then  reflected  outwards  on  the  internal  face ; 
pallets  very  small,  battledore-shaped ;  end  of  tube  concamerated. 

Length  and  alt.  12.5  mill. 

Massachusetts  to  So.  Carolina. 

This  species  differs  from  T.  megotara,  Hanley,  which  it  greatly 
resembles,  in  the  smaller  altitude  of  the  valves,  the  greater  breadth 
of  the  auricle,  which  is  also  placed  much  lower,  and  in  its  con- 
camerated tubes. 
9 


130  AMERICAN   MARINE   CONCHOLOGY. 

2.  S.  NAVALIS,  Linnaeus.     Figs.  2T5-280. 

Syst.  Nat.,  edit.  x.  651.     1758. 

Valves  about  equal  in  length  and  breadth,  the  posterior  auricle 
expanded  somewhat  laterally,  its  base  extending  lower  than  that 
of  the  anterior  area;  anterior  area  moderate,  the  basal  margin 
convex,  inclining  somewhat  obliquely  downwards  to  the  fang,  its 
junction  considerably  higher  up  than  that  of  the  posterior  auricle  ; 
posterior  auricle  not  ascending,  but  produced  laterally,  its  dorsal 
edge  mostly  somewhat  concave,  lateral  margin  nearly  straight,  a 
little  oblique,  rounded  at  each  end ;  fang  acuminating  rapidly 
towards  the  base  ;  internally,  the  apophysis  is  broad  but  thin,  not 
thickened  at  the  end,  and  of  the  same  breadth  throughout,  and 
the  position  of  the  posterior  auricle  is  defined  by  a  close,  project- 
ing rim  ;  pallets  convex  on  one  side  and  plane  on  the  other,  the 
stalk,  which  is  about  as  long  as  the  blade,  moderately  thick  and 
flexous,  not  continued  as  a  rib  beyond  the  commencement  of  the 
blade  ;  tube  not  concamerated. 

Yalves  and  pallets  each  6  mill,  in  length. 

New  England  and  Middle  States.     (Eur.) 

3.  T.  MEQOTARA,  Hanley.     Figs.  281-283. 

Brit.  Conch.,  i.  77,  t.  1,  f.  6,  t.  18,  f.  1,  2. 

Breadth  and  altitude  of  valves  subequal ;  the  posterior  auricle 
large,  broadly  rounded  on  the  margin,  raised  above  the  beak  and 
terminating  below  much  further  down  than  the  anterior  auricle ; 
the  auricle  is  not  defined  within  by  a  projecting  shelf;  pallets 
spoon-shaped,  with  truncate  apex,  with  slender,  cylindrical  stalks, 
on  the  concave  side  forming  a  rib  to  the  apex  of  the  blade. 

New  England.     (Eur.) 

4.  T.  NORVAGICA,  Spengler.     Figs.  287-291. 

Skrivt.,  Nat.  ii.,  102,  t.  2,  f.  4-6,  1792. 

Yalves  solid,  higher  than  wide,  the  beak  elevated  beyond  the 
dorsal  margins  of  the  auricles  ;  auricles  small,  terminating  at  less 
than  one-half  the  length  of  the  shell.  Pallets  spade-shaped,  trun- 
cate at  the  tip  with  a  stem  about  as  long  as  the  blade ;  scarcely 
defined  on  the  centre  of  the  latter.  Tube  solid,  concamerated. 
Height  18,  breadth  13  mill. 

New  England  (rare,  Eur.). 

This  is  the  largest  and  most  solid  species  occurring  on  our 
coast;   its  great  proportionate  length,  elevated  beaks,  and  the 


MARINE   MOLLUSCA   OP   THE   UNITED   STATES.  131 

concavely  sloping  dorsal  line  of  its  auricles,  as  well  as  the  large 
and  peculiar  shaped  pallets,  will  readily  distinguish  it  from  its 
allies. 

5.  T.  THOMSONII,  Tryon.    Figs.  284-286. 

Proc.  Philad.  Acad.,  280,  t.  2,  f.  3,  4,  5,  1863. 

Yalves  higher  than  wide ;  anterior  auricle  moderate,  obliquely 
subtriangular ;  posterior  auricle  small,  not  very  wide,  short,  some- 
what reflected  outwards,  its  dorsal  margin  does  not  extend  so 
high  as  the  beak,  nor  its  basal  margin  so  low  as  that  of  the  an- 
terior area.  Within,  the  posterior  auricle  is  defined  by  a  strong, 
sharp  projection,  making  a  deep  sulcus  on  the  exterior  surface. 
Pallets  obliquely,  or  sometimes  regularly  obovate;  style  short 
and  directed  backwards ;  margins  of  the  blade  convex.  From 
the  style  an  elevated  ridge  extends  around  a  portion  of  each  side 
of  the  blade,  and  is  smooth,  while  the  centre  portion,  extending 
to  the  end,  is  Innately  striate.  Tube  not  concamerated. 

Three  or  four  feet  below  low  water  mark. 

Promncetown  and  New  Bedford,  Ma&»* 

Differs  from  the  other  species  in  the  very  small  proportionate 
size  of  the  posterior  auricle,  and  in  its  not  extending  basally  as. 
low  down  as  the  anterior  area. 

6.  T.  CHLOROTIOA,  Gould.     Figs.  292-294. 

Invert.  Mass.,  edit.  ii.  33,  f.  360,  1870. 

Shell  minute,  subglobose,  greenish-white,  anterior  area  very 
large,  posterior  area  quite  small,  scarcely  defined.  Pallets  with 
lyre-shaped  blades,  the  extreme  two-thirds  covered  by  a  dark 
encrustation  which  terminates  in  two  projecting  horns.  Tube 
lined  by  a  thin  gummy  or  horny  coat,  and  terminating  in  a  con- 
cave calcareous  disk  with  a  sort  of  transverse  scar  on  its  outer 
or  convex  face. 

Diameter  3  mill. 

From  timbers  of  ships  that  have  cruised  in  the  Pacific.  The 
tubes  penetrate  the  timber  across  the  grain  of  the  wood.  On 
account  of  its  several  peculiarities  of  structure,  Dr.  Gould  pro- 
poses for  this  shell  the  generic  name  of  Lyrodus.  Mr.  Jeffreys 
believes  this  species  to  be  identical  with  T.  pedicellata,  Quatre- 
fages. 


132  AMERICAN    MARINE   CONCHOLOGY. 

Genus  XYLOTEYA,  Leaoh. 
Menke,  Syn.  Meth.     1830. 

1.  X.  FIMBRIATA,  Jeffreys.     Figs.  295-297. 
Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  3d  ser.  vi.  126. 

Shell  subtrigonal,  diameters  about  equal,  striae  on  anterior  area 
about  thirty ;  posterior  auricle  large,  sloping  from  the  beak  and 
descending  much  below  the  anterior  triangle,  inner  face  fan- 
shaped,  large,  overhanging,  concave,  concentrically  striate.  Pal- 
lets oar-shaped,  the  blade  as  long  as  the  handle. 
Diam.  6  mill.  Pallets  12  -f-  mill.  long. 

New  Bedford,  Mass.,  Fort  Macon,  N.  O. 

The  valves  resemble  those  of  T.  naualis  so  closely  that  they 
are  scarcely  distinguishable  from  that  species.  The  pallets  are, 
however,  entirely  different. 

Family  ANATINID^l. 

Shell  thin,  generally  inequivalve ;  interior  nacreous ;  external 
surface  granular;  ligament  external,  thin;  cartilage  internal, 
placed  in  opposite  pits  and  furnished  with  a  free  ossicle ;  muscu- 
lar impressions  faint,  the  anterior  elongated  ;  pallial  line  usually 
sinuated. 

Animal  with  mantle-margins  united ;  siphons  long,  more  or  less 
united,  fringed ;  gills  single  on  each  side,  the  outer  lamina  pro- 
longed dorsally  beyond  the  line  of  attachment. 

Synopsis  of  Genera. 

Oval ;  inequivalve,  left  valve  deepest ;  posterior  side  very  short  and  con- 
tracted ;  beaks  fissured,  strengthened  within  by  oblique  diverging  ribs  ; 
hinge  with  a  spoon-shaped  process  in  each  valve  containing  the  cartilage 
and  ossicle.  PEBIPLOMA,  Schum. 

Subtriangular ;  inequivalve,  fragile ;  hinge  having  a  narrow  ledge  within 
each  valve,  to  which  is  attached  the  ligament  and  an  adhering  four-sided 
ossiculum.  LYONSIA,  Turton. 

Oblong;  nearly  equivalve,  slightly  compressed,  attenuated,  and  gaping 
posteriorly,  smooth  or  minutely  scabrous  ;  cartilage  processes  thick,  not 
prominent,  with  a  crescentic  ossicle.  THRACIA,  Leach. 

Inequivalve,  transverse,  thin  ;  valves  close,  attenuated  behind  ;  right  valve 
flat,  with  a  diverging  ridge  and  cartilage  furrows  ;  left  valve  convex, 
with  two  diverging  grooves  at  the  hinge.  PANDORA,  Brug. 


MARINE   MOLLUSCA   OP   THE    UNITED    STATES.  133 

Genus  PERIPLOMA,  Schum. 
Essai  Nov.  Gen.  115.    1817. 
Cochlodesma,  Couthouy.     Bost.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.,  ii.  170.     1839. 

1.  P.  PAPYRACEA,  Say.     Fig.  298. 

(Anatina.)     Journ.  Philad.  Acad.,  ii.  314.     1822. 
A.fragilis,  Totten.     Am.  Journ.  Sci.,  xxviii.  347,  f.  1. 

Shell  thin,  fragile,  rounded-ovate ;  one  valve  more  convex  and 
at  the  basal  margin  projecting  a  little  beyond  the  other.  Beaks 
not  prominent,  in  the  posterior  third  of  the  length  of  the  shell; 
from  the  beaks  to  the  posterior  margin  runs  an  elevated  angular 
ridge ;  posterior  margin  narrowed  and  subtruncated,  slightly 
gaping.  Exterior  surface  minutely  wrinkled.  Tooth  long, 
narrow,  and  oblique,  with  an  accessory  process  at  the  base. 
White  and  pearly. 

Height  12,  breadth  17  mill. 

Whole  Coast  (rare). 

Mr.  T.  A.  Conrad  (Am.  Journ.  Conch.,  ii.  106)  revives  Totten's 
name  for  the  New  England  shell  which  he  considers  to  differ  from 
Say's  species — the  latter  being  described  from  the  Southern  Coast. 
The  outline  varies  considerably  in  different  -specimens,  and  there 
does  not  seem  to  be  sufficient  ground  for  the  separation  proposed 

2.  P.  LEANA,  Conrad.     Figs.  436,  437. 

(Anatina.)    Journ.  Piilad.  Acad.,  vi.  263,  t.  11,  f.  11. 
Coclilodesma  Leana,  Couthouy.     Bost.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.  ii.  170. 

Shell  very  thin  and  fragile,  ovate,  subcompressed ;  the  left  valve 
almost  flat,  rounded  at  both  ends;  the  right  valve  convex  and 
subtruncate  at  the  shorter  end,  slightly  gaping  at  both  ends. 
Beaks  small,  slightly  cleft  at  one  side ;  from  the  beaks  proceeds  a 
ridge,  more  or  less  obvious  to  the  posterior  end.  Surface 
wrinkled,  with  a  yellowish  shining  epidermis  extending  somewhat 
beyond  the  margins;  the  spoon-shaped  process  in  the  hinge 
nearly  horizontal,  and  resting  on  an  oblique  rib  directed  back- 
wards ;  no  ossiculum. 

Vertical  axis  22.5,  transverse  axis  32.5  mill. 

Laminarian.     Whole  Ooast. 

I  do  not  acquiesce  in  the  separation  of  this  species  from  Peri- 
ploma,  as  I  do  not  find  sufficient  distinctive  characters  for  a 
different  genus.  The  absence  of  the  ossiculum  does  not  appear 


134  AMERICAN   MARINE   CONCHOLOQY. 

to  be  an  important  character,  inasmuch  as  it  is  also  wanting  to 
some  species  of  Thracia,  although  the  typical  species  possesses  it. 

Genus  LYONSIA,  Turton. 
Brit.  Bivalves,  35.     1822. 
Osteodesma,  Deshayes,  Encyc.  Meth.,  iii.  tab.  1830. 

The  animal  has  a  closed  mantle ;  a  tongue-shaped,  grooved  foot, 
byssiferous  ;  very  short  siphons,  which  are  nearly  united,  fringed ; 
large  lips  and  narrow,  triangular  palpi. 
Distribution,  twelve  species — all  seas. 

1.  L.  HYALINA,  Conrad.     Fig.  301. 

(Mya.)  Journ.  Philad.  Acad.,  vi.  261,  t.  11,  f.  12. 
Shell  thin,  fragile,  pellucid,  transversely  elongated  ;  anterior 
side  short,  rounded ;  posterior  side  produced,  compressed,  trun- 
cated, and  reflexed  at  the  end ;  beaks  prominent,  inclined  for- 
wards ;  epidermis  dirty-white,  membranaceous,  concentrically 
wrinkled  and  corrugated  by  radiated  lines. 

Yertical  diam.  8.7,  transverse  15  mill. 

Whole  Coast. 

2.  L.  ARENOSA,  Moller.     Fig.  302. 

(Pandorina.)     Ind.  Moll.  Grcenl.     1842. ' 

Shell  ovate-quadrate,  ventricose,  opaque-white ;  beaks  anterior ; 
epidermis  finely  radiately  ridged,  with  frequently  adhering  parti- 
cles of  fine  sand. 

Height  7.5,  length  12.5  mill. 

New  England,  northwards. 

Distinguished  from  L.  hyalina  by  its  smaller  size  and  quadrate 
form. 

Genus  THRACIA,  Leach. 
Blainv.,  Diet.  Sc.  Nat.,  xxxii.  347.     1824. 

The  mantle  of  the  animal  is  closed ;  foot  linguiform ;  siphons 
rather  long,  separate,  with  fringed  orifices ;  gills  single,  thick, 
plaited  ;  palpi  narrow,  pointed. 

About  twenty  species  have  been  described,  from  northern  and 
temperate  zones,  and  ranging  from  4  to  110  fathoms. 

1.  T.  CONRADI,  Couthouy.     Figs.  308,  309. 
Boat.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.,  ii.  153,  t.  4,  f.  2. 

T.  declivis,  Conrad  (not  Pennant).     Am.  Mar.  Conch.  44,  t.  9,  f.  2. 
T.  inflata,  J.  Sowerby.     1845.     (Teste  Jeffreys.) 

Shell  thin,  ventricose,  rounded  in  front,  narrowed  and  subtrun- 


MARINE   MOLLUSC  A   OF   THE   UNITED   STATES.  135 

cate  behind.  Beaks  prominent,  with  an  obtuse  carination  extend- 
ing to  the  angle  of  the  posterior  and  basal  margins;  beak  of  the 
right  valve  perforated  to  receive  the  point  of  the  left.  Right  valve 
more  convex  and  extending  somewhat  beyond  the  left,  and  both 
slightly  gaping.  Hinge  toothless,  but  with  rounded  eminences. 
Epidermis  thin,  with  concentric  undulated  striae.  Pallial  impres- 
sion with  an  acute  angular  sinus.  No  ossiculum. 

New  England,  northwards. 

2.  T.  MTOPSIS,  Beck.     Fig.  303. 

Moller,  Index  Moll.  Grcenl.  18.    1842. 
T.  Couthouyi,  Stimpson,  Bost.  Proc.,  iv.  8.    1851. 

Shell  small,  white,  orbicular-ovate,  compressed ;  beaks  nearly 
median,  narrowed  and  rounded  in  front,  more  pointed  and  trun- 
cate behind,  gaping ;  surface  with  rather  elevated  concentric  lines ; 
hinge  callus  thickened  backwards,  without  any  distinct  spoon- 
cavity.  Ossiculum  very  minute. 

Height  17.5,  length  25  mill. 

New  England,  northwards. 

Mr.  Jeffreys  considers  this  species  a  synonym  of  T.  truncata, 
Brown  (Brit.  Conch.  1827),  but  I  think  that  Brown's  figure  rep- 
resents a  very  different  shell.  In  thus  adopting  Brown's  name 
for  this  species,  the  following  species,  T.  truncata,  M.  and  A.,  has 
its  name  preoccupied,  and  Mr.  Jeffreys  proposes  to  change  it  to 
T.  septentrionalis  (Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  238,  Oct.  1872).  I 
do  not  adopt  the  new  name  because  I  am  not  satisfied  that 
Brown's  species  is  really  distinct  from  T.  distorta,  Montagu. 

3.  T.  truncata,  Mighels  and  Adams.     Fig.  304. 

Bost.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.,  iv.  38,  t.  4,  f.  1.     1842. 

Shell  small,  ovate-triangular,  compressed,  white,  rather  solid  ; 
beaks  at  posterior  fourth,  posterior  margin  broadly  truncate. 
Beaks  small,  the  right  one  excavated  to  receive  that  of  the  left 
valve.  Epidermis  yellowish,  within  white.  Ligament  rather 
large  and  prominent.  Hinge  callosity  not  spoon-shaped,  produced. 

Height  12.5,  length  19  mill. 

New  England,  northwards. 

See  remarks  under  preceding  species. 

Genus  PANDOBA,  Bruguiere. 
Encyc.  Meth.  t.  250.     1792. 

Animal  with  mantle  closed,  except  a  small  opening  for  the 
narrow,  tongue-shaped  foot;  siphons  very  short,  united  nearly 


136  AMERICAN   MARINE   CONCHOLOGY. 

throughout,  ends  diverging,  fringed ;    palpi  triangular,  narrow  ; 
gills  plaited,  one  on  each  side,  with  a  narrow  dorsal  border. 

Distribution  very  extensive,  burrowing  in  sand  and  mud,  4  to 
110  fathoms. 

1.  P.  TRILINEATA,  .Say.     Figs.  305-30T. 
Journ.  Philad.  Acad.,  ii.  261.     1822. 

Shell  white,  subpellucid,  concentrically  wrinkled  ;  wedge-shaped, 
rounded  and  short  before,  elongated  into  a  recurved  subtruncated 
beak  behind.  Hinge-margin  concavely  curved ;  surface  flattened 
and  bounded  on  its  edges  by  two  elevated  lines  from  the  beaks  to 
the  rostrated  tips.  Three  or  four  distinct  lines  radiate  from  the 
beaks.  Flat  valve  with  two  teeth,  of  which  one  is  shorter  and 
more  robust  than  the  other;  the  corresponding  cavities  in  the 
other  valve  bounded  by  three  tooth-like  elevations.  Iridescent 
within. 

Height  15,  length  30  mill. 

Whole  Coast. 

Family  SAXICAVIDJE. 

Animal  symmetrical,  oblong.  Mantle-lobes  united  and  thick- 
ened in  front ;  siphons  large,  elongated,  often  invested  with  a  thick, 
wrinkled  epidermis,  united  nearly  to  their  ends,  the  orifices  fringed ; 
pedal  opening  small.  Foot  small,  digitiform,  inferior,  furnished 
with  a  byssal  groove. 

Perforating  stones,  or  living  imbedded  in  sand  and  mud. 

Synopsis  of  Genera. 

Shell  oblong,  equivalve,  valves  rugose,  gaping,  beaks  prominent.  Hinge 
when  young,  with  two  small  teeth  in  each  valve,  when  adult,  edentulous  ; 
ligament  external,  more  or  less  prominent.  Muscular  impressions  strong, 
wide  apart ;  pallial  line  interrupted,  sinuated  posteriorly.  SAXICAVA. 

Shell  transversely  oblong,  equivalve,  gaping  at  both  ends,  surface  nearly 
smooth  or  transversely  furrowed.  Hinge  with  a  single  conical  tooth  in 
each  valve,  lodged  in  a  cavity  of  the  opposite  valve  ;  ligament  short,  ex- 
ternal, prominent,  attached  to  strong  ridges.  Pallial  line  interrupted, 
with  a  deep  posterior  sinus.  PANOP^EA. 

Shell  transversely  oblong,  equivalve,  thick,  gaping  widely  at  both  ends, 
valves  covered  with  a  thick,  black,  horny  epidermis  which  extends  beyond 
their  edges.  Hinge  callous,  edentulous  ;  ligament  large,  prominent,  exter- 
nal. Muscular  impressions  wide  apart,  the  hinder  elongate  ;  pallial  line 
irregular,  strongly  marked,  the  posterior  sinus  very  small. 

CYRTODARIA. 


MARINE   MOLLUSOA   OP   THE  UNITED   STATES.  137 

Shell  elongated,  cylindrical,  gaping  at  each  end  ;  epidermis  dark,  homy, 
extending  beyond  the  margins  ;  umbones  posterior  ;  hinge  edentulous ; 
ligament  concealed  ;  pallial  line  obscure.  SOLEMYA. 

Genus  SAXICAVA,  Fleuriau  de  Bellevue. 
Bull.  Soc.  Philom.,  No.  62.     1802. 
1.  S.  ARCTICA,  Linn.     Figs.  310,  311,  312,  313. 

(My a.)     Syst.  Nat,,  edit.  xii.  1113.'    1767. 

Mytilus  rugosus,  Pennant,  Brit.  Zool.,  iv.  110.  t.  63,  f.  72.     1777. 
Mytilus  pholadis,  Mull.  Zool.  Dan.  t.  87,  f.  1,  2,  3. 
Saxicava  distorta,  Say,  Journ.  A.  N.  S.,  ii.  318.     1822. 

Shell  irregularly  oblong  oval,  the  right  valve  projecting  over  the 
left  except  at  the  shorter  end,  generally  gaping ;  beaks  prominent, 
from  which  diverge  two  ridges  or  elevated  lines,  one  running  near 
the  posterior  dorsal  margin,  the  other  to  the  lower  angle  ;  these 
lines  are  more  or  less  distinct,  or  obsolete.  Surface  coarsely 
wrinkled  ;  epidermis  thin,  dingy  yellow. 

Length  1  inch,  height  15  mill. 

Whole  Coast.     (Occurs  throughout  the  world.) 

This  protean  species  cannot  be  described  with  any  accuracy, 
being  modified  by  the  substances  into  which  it  bores.  It  is  of 
universal  distribution,  and  has,  under  its  different  aspects,  received 
no  less  than  five  generic  and  fifteen  specific  names. 

In  the  last  edition  of  Gould's  "  Invertebrata  of  Massachusetts" 
the  S.  arctica  and  S.  rugosa  are  sepa-rated  as  distinct  species,  but 
the  differences  pointed  out  are  not  permanent,  and  are  therefore 
unreliable. 

Genus  PANOPJEA,  Menard. 
Ann.  du  Mus.,  ix.  131.     1807. 

This  genus,  of  about  a  dozen  species,  inhabits  from  low  water 
to  90  fathoms,  and  from  northern  seas  to  Mediterranean  Sea  and 
Australia. 

1.  P.  NORVEGIOA,  Spengler.     Figs.  314,  315. 

(Mya.)     Skrivt.,  Nat.  Selsk.,  iii.  46,  t.  2,  f.  18. 
Glycimerus  arctica,  Lamarck.  Anim.  s.  Vert.,  edit.  2,  vi.  70. 
.     Shell  oblong,  trapezoidal,  thick,  covered  with  a  dark,  rough  epi- 
dermis ;  beaks  anterior,  the  anterior  and  posterior  margins  oblique 
and  subparallel ;  surface  raised  into  two  rounded,  broad  elevations 
which  proceed  from  the  beaks  to  the  basal  angles,  dividing  the  sur- 
face into  three  nearly  equal  portions. 
Length  62.5,  height  40,  diarn.  30  mill. 

New  England,  northwards.    (Eur.) 


138  AMERICAN   MARINE    OONCHOLOGY. 

2.  P.  BITRUNCATA,  Conrad.     Fig.  321. 

(Glycimeris.)     Proc.  Philad.  Acad.,  216,  t.  7,  f.  1.     1872. 
P.  Americana,  Conrad.     Coues  in  Proc.  Phil.  Acad.,  139.     1871. 

Shell  short,  rhomboidal,  ventricose,  contracted,  and  obliquely 
truncated  anteriorly  ;  posterior  margin  oblique,  slightly  emargi- 
nate,  cardinal  tooth  in  right  valve  small,  compressed,  flattened  on 
the  posterior  side ;  pallial  sinus  widely  and  obtusely  rounded. 

Fort  Macon,  N.  O. 

A  single  valve  only  was  received  by  Mr.  Conrad ;  and  I  suspect 
that  it  is  from  a  submarine  fossil  deposit,  although  Mr,  Conrad 
thinks  it  recent. 

Genus  CYETODARIA,  Daudin. 
Journ.  de  Phys.     1799. 

The  animal  is  larger  than  the  shell,  subcylindrical ;  mantle 
closed,  siphons  united,  protected  by  a  thick  envelope  ;  orifices 
small;  pedal  opening  small,  anterior;  foot  conical;  palpi  large, 
striated  inside,  the  posterior  border  plain ;  gills  large,  extending 
into  the  branchial  siphon. 

There  are  two  species,  extensively  distributed  through  the  Arctic 
Seas. 

1.  C.  SILIQUA,  Chemnitz.     Figs.  316,  31 Y. 

(My a.)     Conch.  Cab.,  xi.  192,  t.  198,  f.  1934. 
Glycimerus  incrassata,  Lamarck.-    Syst.  An.  s.  Vert.,  126. 

Transversely  oblong,  compressed,  heavy  and  solid  ;  epidermis 
thick,  shining,  obliquely  wrinkled  ;  beaks  not  prominent,  eroded  ; 
ligament  large,  prominent  on  the  shorter  end.  Interior  with  a 
very  thick  callus  in  the  course  of  the  pallial  impression  ;  callus  of 
the  hinge  broad  and  prominent.  Shining  black  ;  under  the  epi- 
dermis ashen  gray. 

Length  3.5,  height  1.5  inches. 

Massachusetts,  northwards.     (Eur.) 

Genus  SOLEMYA,  Lamarck. 
Anim.  s.  Vert.,  v.  488.     1818. 

The  mantle  lobes  are  united  behind,  with  a  single,  hour-glass 
shaped,  cirrated,  siphonal  orifice ;  foot  proboscidiform,  truncated 
and  fringed  at  the  end ;  gills  forming  a  single  plume  on  each  side, 
with  the  laminae  free  to  the  base  ;  palpi  long  and  narrow,  nearly 
free. 

The  animal  is  very  active,  leaping  and  swimming  rapidly.     The 


MARINE   MOLLTJSCA   OP   THE    UNITED   STATES.  139 

leap  is  performed  by  contracting  the  foot  at  the  same  time  that 
water  is  expelled  from  the  posterior  opening  by  closing  the  valves. 
There  are  four  known  species  ;  burrowing  in  mud,  in  about  two 
fathoms  water. 

1.  S.  VELUM,  Say.     Fig.  319. 

Journ.  Philad.  Acad.,  ii.  317.     1822. 

Yery  thin  and  fragile,  transversely  oblong-elliptical ;  beaks  not 
elevated,  umbones  scarcely  apparent;   basal  and  hinge  margins 
parallel,  ends  rounded.     Epidermis  glossy,  with  radiating  lines, 
the  edges  fringed.     Reddish  brown,  with  light  yellow  radiations. 
Length  1,  height  .5  inch. 

New  England. 

2.  S.  BOBEALIS,  Totten.  Fig.  318. 

Am.  Journ.  Science,  xxvi.  366,  f.  1. 

Shell  fragile,  oblong,  but  larger  and  more  solid  than  the  preced- 
ing. Radiations  with  a  larger  free  space  ;  the  edges  of  the  epider- 
mis not  rounded  by  the  slits  but  preserving  a  square  form,  and 
curved  outwards  ;  the  cartilage  support  not  arched  or  vaulted,  but 
forked,  with  the  hinder  part  directed  obliquely  forwards.  Dark, 
blackish-brown. 

Length  2.5,  height  .8  inches. 

New  England. 

Family  MYIDJB. 

Animal  with  the  mantle  almost  entirely  closed  ;  pedal  aperture 
and  foot  small ;  siphons  united,  partly  or  wholly  retractile ;  bran- 
chiae two  on  each  side,  elongated. 

The  shells  gape  usually  at  each  extremity,  and  the  cartilage  is 
contained  in  a  spoon-shaped  cavity  at  the  hinge.  Living  in  the 
sand  or  mud,  lying  on  the  side. 

Synopsis  of  Genera. 

Shell  oblong,  inequivalve,  gaping  at  the  ends,  left  valve  smallest,  with  a 
x  large,  flattened,  spoon-shaped  cartilage  process  ;  pallial  sinus  large. 

MYA. 

Shell  thick,  inequivalve,  gibbous,  closed,  produced  posteriorly  ;  right  valve 
with  a  prominent  tooth  in  front  of  the  cartilage  pit ;  left  valve  smaller, 
with  a  projecting  cartilage  process  ;  pallial  sinus  slight ;  pedal  scars  dis- 
tinct from  the  adductor  impressions.  CORBULA. 

Shell  globular,  attenuated  and  gaping  behind  ;  right  valve  a  little  smaller 
than  the  left  valve  ;  umbones  strengthened  internally  by  a  rib  on  the  pos- 


140  AMERICAN    MARINE   CONCHOLOGY. 

terior  side  ;  cartilage  process  spatulate,  in  each  valve,  with  an  obsolete 
tooth  in  front,  and  a  posterior  lateral  tooth  ;  pallial  sinus  very  shallow. 


Genus  MYA,  Linnaeus. 
Syst.  Nat.,  edit.  x.  670.     1758. 

The  animal  has  a  small,  straight,  linguiform  foot  ;  the  siphons 
are  combined  and  covered  with  a  partially  retractile  epidermis  ; 
orifices  fringed,  branchial  opening  with  an  inner  series  of  large 
tentacular  filaments  ;  gills  not  prolonged  into  the  siphon  ;  palpi 
elongated,  free. 

About  ten  species  are  known,  of  universal  distribution.  They 
are  found  in  sand  or  mud,  especially  estuaries,  and  ranging,  gene- 
rally, from  low  water  to  25  fathoms.  Our  species  are  edible. 

1.  M.  ARENARIA,  LinnsBUS.     Fig.  322. 

Syst.  Nat,  edit.  xii.  1112.    1767. 

Mya  acuta,  Say.     Journ.  Philad.  Acad.,  ii.  313.     1822  (  Young). 
Mya  mercenaria,  Say.     Ibid. 

Shell  transversely  ovate,  subequilateral,  convex,  gaping  at  both 
ends,  but  more  so  at  the  posterior  end,  where  the  valves  curve 
outwards.  Beaks  small  ;  epidermis  rough,  wrinkled,  yellowish. 

Length  3  to  5  inches,  height  1.5  to  2  inches. 

Inhabits  the  Whole  Coast.     (Eur.) 

Common  everywhere,  burrowing  in  sand  between  high  and  low 
water  ;  its  residence  is  readily  detected  by  a  small  aperture  in  the 
sand,  through  which  it  ejects  a  stream  of  water  upon  treading  hard 
on  the  surface.  On  many  parts  of  Long  Island  the  hogs  are  accus- 
tomed to  root  for  this  species,  and  follow  the  tides  with  unerring 
sagacity. 

2.  M.  TRUNCATA,  "Linnaeus.     Figs.  320,  325  (animal). 

Syst.  Nat.,  edit.  xii.  1112.     1767. 

Shell  subquadrate,  truncated  behind?  where  it   gapes  widely; 

basal  margin  irregularly  sinuous;  epidermis  tough  and  corrugated  ; 

tooth  broader  than  long,  with  a  slightly  thickened  lobe  on  the  edge; 

valves  convex,  beaks  moderately  prominent  ;  epidermis  yellowish. 

Length  2.5  to  3.5  inches,  height  1.5  to  2.5  inches. 

Northern  Coast.     (Eur.) 

Externally,  this  common  species  resembles  the  Panopsea  arctica, 
but  is  readily  distinguished  by  its  spoon-shaped  tooth. 


MARINE    MOLLUSCA   OP   THE   UNITED   STATES.  141 

Genus  COBBULA,  Bruguiere. 
Encyc.  Meth.,  t.  230.    1792. 

Animal  with  very  short,  united  siphons ;  orifices  fringed ;  foot 
thick  and  pointed ;  palpi  moderate ;  gills,  two  on  each  side,  ob- 
scurely striated. 

An  extensive  genus,  of  universal  distribution. 

1.  C.  CONTRACTA,  Say.     Figs.  326,  327. 

Journ.  Philad.  Acad.,  ii.  312.     1822. 

Shell  small,  solid,  convex;  valves  subequal,  shortest  and 
rounded  in  front,  long  and  pointed  behind.  Beaks  rather  promi- 
nent, nearly  touching  each  other  at  their  points ;  basal  margin 
contracted  and  concave  in  the  middle.  Surface  with  regular  equi- 
distant concentric  impressed  lines  and  intervening  ridges.  A 
prominent  ridge  runs  from  the  beaks  on  each  side  to  the  posterior 
basal  margin,  including  a  broad  space  between  them;  left  valve 
shutting  within  the  other  along  the  basal  margin.  Epidermis  thin. 
In  one  valve  the  tooth  is  simple,  hooked  and  turned  towards  the 
beak ;  in  the  other,  it  is  broader  than  high,  projecting  at  right 
angles  to  the  valve,  with  a  deep  cavity  on  the  posterior  side  of  the 
base  for  the  reception  of  the  hooked  tooth.  Epidermis  dull  brown. 

Length  10,  height  6.25,  diam.  5  mill. 

New  England  to  Florida. 

Genus  NEJEEA,  Gray. 
Griffith's  Cuvier.    1834. 

Animal  with  closed  mantle,  lanceolate  foot  and  short,  united 
siphons,  branchial  one  largest,  the  anal  with  a  membranous  valve, 
both  with  a  few  long,  lateral  cirri.  A  genus  of  quite  small  shells, 
universally  distributed.  About  twenty-five  species  are  described. 

1.  N.  PELLUCIDA,  Stimpson.    Fig.  328. 

Invert.  Grand  Manan.,  21,  fig.  13.     1853. 

Shell  small,  thin,  pale  white,  subovate,  swollen  anteriorly,  and 
contracted  posteriorly  into  a  short  but  distinct  rostrum.  Beaks 
small,  tumid,  and  placed  a  little  before  the  middle.  Surface  nearly 
smooth  about  the  beaks,  with  irregular,  distant  striae  of  growth 
near  the  margin,  which  become  sharp  and  well  marked  on  the  ros- 
trum. Within  smooth  and  glossy,  with  minute  radiating  lines 
across  the  disk ;  teeth  very  minute.  Epidermis  white,  sometimes 
pale  greenish  on  the  beaks  and  brownish  on  the  rostrum. 

Length  5,  height  3  +  ,  diam.  3  mill. 

New  England,  northwards. 


142  AMERICAN   MARINE   CONCHOLOGY. 

Family  SOLENID^. 

Animal  with  a  very  large,  more  or  less  cylindrical  foot ;  siphons 
short  and  united  (in  the  typical  species,  with  long  shells)  or  longer 
and  partly  separate  in  the  shorter  and  more  compressed  genera; 
gills  narrow,  prolonged  into  the  branchial  siphons. 

Usually  living  buried  vertically  in  the  sand. 

Synopsis  of  Genera. 

Shell  very  long,  nearly  straight,  ends  gaping,  hinge  terminal.  One  pri- 
mary tooth  in  each  valve.  Pallial  impression  with  a  short  square  sinus. 

SOLEN. 

Shell  very  long,  gaping  and  rounded  at  each  end,  beaks  nearly  terminal. 
Hinge  with  two  teeth  in  one  valve,  and  three  in  the  other.  Pallial  line 
with  a  small,  truncate  sinus.  ENSIS. 

Shell  transversely  oblong,  curved,  rounded  and  gaping  at  the  ends  with  a 
rugose  epidermis.  Beaks  sub-central,  hinge  teeth  2,  3.  Sinus  of  pallial 
impression  very  deep,  extending  beyond  the  umbo.  SILIQUABIA. 

Shell  transversely  oblong,  epidermis  polished,  ends  rounded  and  gaping. 
Hinge  anterior  to  the  middle,  with  three  teeth  in  each  valve.  Pallial  line 
with  a  short,  rounded  sinus.  SILIQUA. 

Genus  SOLEN,  Linnaeus. 
Syst.  Nat.,  edit.  x.  672.     1758. 

1.  S.  VIRIDIS,  Say.     Figs.  329,  330. 
Journ.  Philad.  Acad.,  ii.  316.     1822. 

Shell  transversely  oblong,  compressed.  Hinge  margin  nearly 
straight ;  basal  margin  curved ;  posterior  end  obliquely  truncated, 
a  little  reflected  and  rounded  near  the  base  ;  anterior  end  rounded. 
Smooth,  with  very  slight  concentric  growth  lines.  Epidermis  pale 
green. 

Length  2  inches,  height  .4  inch. 

New  Jersey  Coast,  southwards. 

Genus  ENSIS,  Schumacher. 
Essai,  Nov.  Gen.  143.     1817. 

Solen  (part)  Auct. 

1.  E.  AMERICANUS,  Gould.     Fig.  331. 

Invert.  Mass.,  edit.  ii.  42.     1870. 

Shell  elongated,  c}dindrical,  slightly  curved,  ends  truncately 
rounded.  Epidermis  glossy,  with  a  long  triangular  space  marked 
by  concentric  growth  lines,  above  and  below  covered  with  lines 


MARINE   MOLLUSCA   OP   THE   UNITED   STATES.  143 

parallel  with  the  dorsal  and  basal  margins.     Greenish-olive,  the 
central  space  faded  purple. 
Length  6,  height  1  inch. 

Whole  Coast. 

Distinguished  from  E.  ensis  of  Europe  by  its  greater  propor- 
tionate width  of  valves.  It  is  altogether  a  more  robust  and  larger 
species. 

Found  at  low-water  mark,  and  considered  excellent  food. 

Genus  SILIQUAKIA,  Schum. 
Essai,  Nov.  Gen.,  129.     1817. 

1.  S.  GIBBA,  Spengler.    Fig.  332. 

(Solen.)    Skrivt.  Nat.  Selsk.,  iii.  104.    1794. 
Solecurtus  caribcBus  (Lam.)  Conrad,  Mar.  Conch.,  t.  4,  f.  3. 

Shell  thick  and  solid,  beaks  obtuse  and  little  elevated.  Surface 
with  a  thick,  straw-colored,  concentrically  wrinkled  epidermis. 

Length  4,  height  1.5  inches. 

Cape  Cod,  Mass.,  southwards. 

2.  S.  DIVISA,  Spengler.    Fig.  333. 

(Solen.)    Skrivt.  Nat.  Selsk.,  iii.  96.     1794. 
Solen  fragilis,  Pultney,  Dorset  Cat.,  28,  t.  4,  f.  5.     1799. 
Solen  centralis,  Say,  Journ.  Philad.  Acad.,  ii.  316.     1822. 
Solen  ttdens,  Chemn.  Conch.  Cah.,  xi.  203, 1. 198,  f.  1939.     1795. 

Shell  small  and  delicate,  transversely  oblong-ovate,  compressed, 
arcuated,  equilateral.  Epidermis  yellowish,  with  a  purple  band 
from  the  beaks  to  the  basal  margin. 

Length  1.5,  height  .5. 

Southwards  from  Cape  Cod,  Mass. 

Genus  SILIQTJA,  Muhlfeldt. 

Entwurf.  44.     1811. 
Machara,  Gould,  Invert.  Mass.,  p.  32.     1841. 

1.  S.  SQUAMA,  Blainville.    Fig.  335. 

(Solecurtus.)     Diet.  Sci.  Nat.,  xlix.  419. 
Machcera  nitida,  Gould,  Invert.  Mass.,  33.     1841. 

Shell  thick,  oblong-ovate,  beaks  small ;  epidermis  very  shining, 
dark  yellowish  or  greenish-yellow,  wrinkled. 

Length  3,  height  1.25  inches. 

Northern  Coast,  northwards. 

2.  S.  COSTATA,  Say.    Figs.  334,  also  299  and  300. 

(Solen.)    Journ.  Philad.  Acad.,  ii.  315.     1822. 
Shell  thin  and   fragile,  oval-oblong,   much  compressed,  beaks 


144  AMERICAN   MARINE   CONCHOLOGY. 

ver}'  minute.     Surface  smooth  and  diaphanous,  the  epidermis  very 
shining.     Pale  violaceous,  passing  into  olive  towards  the  margins ; 
the  violet  disposed  in  faint  broadening  rays.   Within  white,  faintly 
iridescent,  the  transverse  rib  white. 
Length  2,  height. 8  inches. 

New  England  to  New  Jersey. 

This  species  is  more  southern  in  distribution  than  S.  squama  ; 
it  is  smaller,  more  fragile,  and  readily  distinguished  by  its  purple 
rays. 

Family  MACTRIDJG. 

Animal  with  the  mantle  more  or  less  open  in  front;  siphonal 
tubes  united,  orifices  fringed  ;  foot  compressed ;  gills  not  pro- 
longed into  the  branchial  siphon. 

Synopsis  of  Genera. 

Shell  thick,  nearly  equilateral ;  anterior  hinge-tooth  \  shaped,  with  some- 
times a  small  laminar  tooth  close  to  it ;  lateral  teeth  doubled  in  the  right 
valve.  MACTRA. 

Shell  thin,  cordate,  ventricose,  slightly  produced  and  rather  gaping  behind ; 
hinder  slope  keeled,  narrow.  RAETA. 

Genus  MACTRA,  Linnaeus. 
Syst.  Nat.,  edit.  xii.  1125.     1767. 

The  mactras  inhabit  sandy  coasts,  where  they  bury  just  beneath 
the  surface ;  the  foot  can  be  stretched  out  considerably  and 
moved  about  like  a  finger,  it  is  also  used  for  leaping.  The  ani- 
mal is  eaten  by  star-fishes,  whelks,  pigs,  and  men. 

1.  M.  SOLIDISSIMA,  Chemnitz,  336,  337. 

Conch.  Cab.,  x.  350,  t.  170,  f.  1656. 
Mactra  similis,  Say,  Journ.  Philad.  Acad.,  ii.  309.     1822. 
Mactra  Raveneli,  Conrad,  Am.  Mar.  Conch.,  65.     1831. 

Shell  large,  solid,  subovate,  or  sub  triangular ;  cardinal  fosset 
very  large,  cordate;  lateral  teeth  transversely  striated;  muscular 
impressions  very  large  ;  epidermis  dirty-brown. 

Whole  Coast. 

American  authors  have  generally  considered  the  M.  similis  dis- 
tinct from  the  above.  It  is  said  to  be  smaller  in  size,  more  trian- 
gular in  outline,  and  to  replace  the  solidissima  on  the  Southern 
coast.  Having  collected  these  shells  in  large  numbers  at  Atlantic 
City,  N.  J.,  a  locality  where  northern  and  southern  forms  inter- 


MARINE   MOLLUSCA   OF   THE    UNITED   STATES.  145 

mingle,  I  have  satisfied  myself  that  similis  is  not  distinct ;  but  I 
figure  the  latter  species  (Fig.  337)  so  that  collectors  can  form 
their  own  conclusions.  M.  Eaveneli  is  a  more  transverse  variety, 
but  does  not  seem  to  possess  any  distinctive  characters. 

This  is  the  largest  of  our  bivalve  shells,  attaining,  in  northern 
specimens,  a  length  of  seven  inches,  and  great  solidity. 

2.  M.  OVALIS,  Gould.     Figs.  340,  341. 

Invert.  Mass.,  edit,  i.  53.     1841. 
Mactra  polynyma,  Stimpson,  Shells  ofN.  Eng.  20.     1851. 

Shell  large,  thick,  obovate,  coarse,  nearly  equipartite,  covered 
with  a  tough,  dusky-brown  epidermis  ;  Y  tooth  strong,  lateral 
teeth  not  striated;  sinus  of  pallial  impression  deep. 

New  England  to  N.  Carolina. 

This  species  is  readily  distinguished  from  solidissima  by  its 
shorter,  more  ventricose  form,  and  the  smooth  lateral  teeth.  It 
is  somewhat  smaller  in  size,  yet  becomes  quite  ponderous  with 
age,  attaining  a  length  of  over  four  inches'.  Fig.  341  represents 
the  young  of  this  species,  described  by  Stimpson  as  M.  polynyma. 

3.  M.  LATERALIS,  Say.     Figs.  338,  339. 

Journ.  Philad.  Acad.  ii.,  309.     1822. 

Shell  triangular,  ver}r  convex,  of  a  smooth  appearance,  but  with 
minute  concentric  wrinkles;  lateral  margins  flattened  cordate, 
with  a  rectilinear,  sometimes  concave  profile ;  one  margin  rounded 
at  the  extremity,  the  other  longer  and  less  obtuse  ;  urnbo  nearly 
central,  prominent. 
.Length  22,  height  20,  diam.  15  mill. 

Whole  Coatt. 

This  is  more  triangular  and  ventricose  than  M.  ovalis ;  the 
flexuous  and  obtusely  ridged  posterior  margin  also  distinguishes  it. 

4.  M.  FRAGILIS,  Chemnitz.     Fig.  342. 

Couch.  Cab.,  vi.  236,  t.  24,  f.  235. 
Mactra  oblonga,  Say.     Journ.  Philad.  Acad.,  ii.  310.     1822. 

Shell  oblong-oval,  very  slightly  wrinkled,  excepting  upon  the 
margin;  uinbo  hardly  prominent,  from  which  a  carinated  angle 
passes  to  the  posterior  extremity ;  epidermis  pale  brownish-yellow, 
tinged  with  ferruginous ;  within  white,  highly  polished. 

North  Carolina  to  West  Indies. 

10 


146  AMERICAN   MARINE   CONCHOLOGY. 

Spurious  Species. 

Mactra  nucleus,  Conrad.  This  species,  described  from  two  odd 
valves  stated  to  have  been  collected  at  Long  Branch,  N.  J.,  is  now- 
ascertained  to  be  a  Manilla  species. 

Genus  RAETA,  Gray. 

1.  R.  CANALIOULATA,  Say.     Fig.  343. 

Journ.  Philad.  Acad.,  ii.  311.     1822. 

Shell  transversely  oval  orbicular,  very  thin  and  fragile,  inflated  ; 
valves  with  equal  concentric  grooves  ;  posterior  margin  short, 
subreniform,  compressed  ;  a  marginal  longitudinal  irregular  sub- 
impressed  line,  between  which  and  the  edges  the  grooves  become 
mere  wrinkles  ;  posterior  slope  nearly  straight  ;  gape  considerable  ; 
anterior  margin  regularly  curved  ;  within  grooved.  White. 
Length  2.5,  height  2  inches.  f 

New  Jersey,  soutJiwards. 

2.  R.  LINEATA,  Say.     Fig.  344. 

Journ.  Philad.  Acad.,  ii.  310.     1822. 

Shell  transversely  sub-oval,  thin  ;  posterior  gap  patulous  ; 
anterior  linear,  and  commencing  beyond  the  hinge  slope  ;  valves 
unequally  obsoletely  wrinkled  ;  anterior  margin  smooth  with  a 
carinate$  line.  White. 

Length  2.75,  height  2  inches. 

New  Jersey,  southwards. 


Family 

Animal  with  the  mantle  widely  open  in  front,  its  margins 
fringed;  foot  tongue-shaped,  compressed;  siphons  separate, 
generally  very  long  and  slender;  palpi  large,  triangular;  gills 
united  posteriorly,  unequal,  the  outer  pair  sometimes  directed 
dors  ally. 

The  shell  is  free,  compressed,  usually  closed  and  equivalve; 
cardinal  teeth  two  at  most,  laterals  1-1,  sometimes  obsolete; 
muscular  impressions  rounded,  polished  ;  pallial  sinus  very  large  ; 
ligament  on  the  shortest  side  of  4;he  shell. 

The  Tellens  are  found  in  all  seas,  chiefly  in  the  littoral  and 
laminarian  zones  ;  they  frequent  sandy  bottoms,  or  sandy  mud, 
burying  beneath  the  surface. 


MARINE   MOLLUSCA    OP   THE   UNITED   STATES.  .  147 

Synopsis  of  Genera. 
*  Ligament  external. 

Shell  ovate,  oblong  or  rounded  posteriorly  ;  beaked  or  angular,  with  a 
flexuosity  on  the  hind  slope.  One  or  two  primary  teeth  in  each  valve  ; 
lateral  teeth  present  or  obsolete.  TELLIWA. 

Shell  orbicular,  convex,  surface  of  valves  divaricately  striated ;  posterior 
flexure  obsolete.  A  small  anterior  and  a  large  bifid  cardinal  tooth  in  the 
right  valve,  and  a  single  cardinal  tooth  in  the  left  valve ;  lateral  teeth 
two  in  each  valve.  STBIGILLA. 

Shell  oval,  convex  or  sub-ventricose.  Cardinal  teeth  small;  no  lateral 
teeth-  MACOMA. 

Shell  triangular,  very  inequivalve,  the  right  valve  concave ;  surface  of 
valves  plicate  ;  beaks  acute,  laterally  incurved ;  lateral  slopes  strongly 
produced  and  dentate  at  their  edges.  Hinge  with  two  primary  teeth  in 
one  valve  and  one  in  the  other  ;  lateral  teeth  two  in  each  valve. 

TELLIDOKA. 

Shell  oblong  or  irregular ;  two  cardinal  teeth  in  the  right  valve,  the  poste- 
rior one  thin  and  directed  obliquely  backwards ;  two  cardinal  teeth  in 
the  left  valve,  the  posterior  one  stout,  bilobed,  the  anterior  one  smaller. 
No  distinct  lateral  teeth.  GASTBANELLA. 

Shell  more  or  less  wedge-shaped,  equivalve  ;  the  hinder  side  much  shorter 
than  the  anterior.  Two  cardinal  teeth  in  one  valve  and  one  bifid  tooth 
in  the  other ;  one  or  two  lateral  teeth  in  each  valve.  DONAX, 

*  Cartilage  internal,  situated  in  a  cartilage  pit. 

Shell  thin,  transversely  elongated,  slightly  gaping  at  the  sides;  surface 
smooth,  covered  with  a  thin,  deciduous  epidermis.  Cartilage  pit  oblique  ; 
primary  teeth  small  or  wanting  ;  lateral  teeth  distinct ;  ligament  short, 
partly  external.  ABBA. 

Shell  transversely  oval  or  orbicular,  slightly  gaping  at  the  sides.  Hinge 
with  one  or  two  primary  teeth  in  each  valve,  with  a  long  narrow  pit  be- 
tween them  for  the  internal  cartilage  ;  ligament  external,  thin. 

SEMELE. 

Shell  equivalve,  inequilateral,  anteriorly  rounded,  posteriorly  subtruncate 
and  slightly  gaping.  Hinge  with  a  small,  anterior  primary  tooth  in  each, 
valve  ;  cartilage  internal,  in  a  spoon-shaped  cavity  projecting  into  the 
cavity  of  the  valves ;  one  strong  lateral  tooth  on  each  side  of  the  hinge 
in  one  valve,  no  lateral  teeth  in  the  other.  CUMINGIA. 

Shell  ovate  cuneate,  truncated  behind.  Hinge  with  a  simple,  compressed 
primary  tooth  and  a  rudimentary  process  in  the  place  of  the  second  tooth  ; 
lateral  teeth  sub-equal,  compressed,  strongly  cross-grooved.  CEBONIA. 

Shell  equivalve,  inequilateral,  oblong,  closed ;  surface-  nearly  smooth,  or 
concentrically  striated.  Two  diverging  teeth  in  each  valve,  one  of  them 
in  the  right  valve,  elevated  and  conspicuous ;  cartilage  in.  a  pit  in  each 


148  AMERICAN    MARINE    CONCHOLOGY. 

valve ;  lateral  teeth  none.     Muscular  impressions  strong  ;  pallial  sinus 
large  and  broad.  EBVILIA. 

Genus  Tellina,  Linnaaus. 
Syst,  Nat.,  edit.  x.  674.     1758. 

1.  T.  ALTERNATA,  Say.     Fig.  345. 

Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philad.,  ii.  275.     1822. 

Shell  compressed,  oblong,  narrow  and  angulated  behind  ;  nume- 
rous impressed  concentric  lines,  alternately  obsolete,  on  the  pos- 
terior margin.  Within,  a  callous  line  passes  from  behind  the 
hinge  to  the  inner  margin  of  the  posterior  cicatrix.  Posterior 
hinge  tooth  emarginate  ;  anterior  lamellar  tooth  near  the  cardinal, 
so  as  to  appear  like  a  primary  tooth ;  that  of  the  right  valve 
wanting ;  posterior  lamellar  tooth  at  the  extremity  of  the  liga- 
ment. Posterior  hinge-slope  declining  in  a  concave  line  to  an 
obliquely  truncated  tip.  White,  tinged  with  yellow  within. 

Length  55,  height  31  mill. 

North  Carolina  to  West  Indies. 

2.  T.  POLITA,  Say.     Figs.  346,  34?,  348. 

Journ.  Philad.  Acad.,  ii.  276.     1822. 

Shell  transversely  subtriangular,  with  minute  concentric  wrin- 
kles ;  anterior  margin  rather  shortest ;  hinge  slope  declining  in  a 
very  slightly  arcuated  line  to  a  subacute  termination;  basal 
margin  nearly  straight  from  before  the  middle  to  the  posterior 
end  ;  a  lateral  tooth  behind  the  primaiy  one.  White  immaculate. 
Length  15,  height  10  mill. 

North  Carolina,  southwards. 

3.  T.  TENERA,  Say.     Fig.  349. 

Journ.  Philad.  Acad.,  ii.  303.     1822. 

Shell  very  thin  and  fragile,  pellucid,  compressed,  transversely 
oblong,  suboval ;  covered  by  delicate  concentric  lines  of  growth. 
Beaks  placed  slightly  posteriorly ;  marginal  folds  distinct ;  basal 
margin  slightly  arcuated.  Posterior  cardinal  tooth  in  the  left 
valve  largest ;  the  other  often  indistinct ;  the  chief  tooth  in  each 
valve  grooved ;  lateral  tooth  on  the  longest  side  distinct ;  the 
others  very  indistinct.  White,  iridescent,  occasionally  rosaceous. 

Length  14,  height  9  mill. 

Nova  Scotia  to  8.  Carolina. 

Found  abundantly  on  sandy  beaches,  and  probably  lives  not 
far  from  low-water  mark. 


MARINE    MOLLUSCA    OF    THE    UNITED    STATES.  149 

4.  T.  TENTA,  Say.     Figs.  350,  351. 

American  Conchology,  PI.  65,  f.  3. 

Shell  small,  oval,  white ;  shortest  behind,  narrowed,  much  de: 
fleeted  and  widely  gaping ;  lines  of  growth  very  fine.     Two  cardi- 
nal teeth  in  the  right  and  one  in  the  left  valve ;  a  posterior  lateral 
tooth  in  the  right  valve  and  a  corresponding  groove  in  the  left. 
Length  15,  height  10  mill. 

Massachusetts  to  So.  Carolina. 

This  species  is  generally  larger  than  T.  tenera,  and  has  not  its 
polished  surface.  It  differs  from  others  principally  in  being  less 
triangular,  more  strongly  deflected,  and  in  its  widely  gaping  pos- 
terior portion. 

5.  T.  MODESTA,  Verrill.     tfigs.  352,  353. 

(Angulus.)  Am.  Journ.  Sci.,  285,  t.  6,  f.  2,  2a.  1872. 
Shell  smooth,  shining,  more  or  less  iridescent,  with  very  fine 
concentric  striae.  Form  similar  to  T.  tenera,  but  more  oblong 
and  with  the  anterior  dorsal  margin  nearly  straight  or  even 
slightly  concave  ;  beaks  at  about  the  posterior  third  and  scarcely 
prominent ;  the  posterior  end  slopes  rapidly  and  is  subtruncate 
at  the  end  ;  the  ventral  margin  is  but  slightly  convex  in  the 
middle,  and  subparallel  with  the  dorsal  margin.  Teeth  and 
hinge  margin  stronger  than  in  tenera.  Color  pink,  light  straw- 
color  or  white ;  often  banded  concentrically  with  these  colors. 

New  England. 

6.  T.  IRIS,  Say.     Fig.  354. 

Journ.  Philad.  Acad.,  ii.  302.     1822. 

Shell  very  thin  and  fragile,  pellucid,  compressed,  transversely 
oblong,  suboval ;  minute  concentric  wrinkles,  crossed  by  oblique 
striae  which  do  not  attain  the  margin ;  margin  narrowed  and  sub- 
acute ;  basal  edge  straight,  opposite  the  beaks.  Color,  white, 
iridescent,  with  a  rosaceous  disk  and  one  or  two  anterior  rays. 

Length  12.5,  height  7.5  mill. 

North  Carolina,  southwards. 

7.  T.  BREVIFRONS,  Say.     Figs.  355-351. 

Am.  Conchology,  t.  64,  f.  1. 

Shell  oval,  thin,  and  fragile,  not  very  convex,  white,  tinged 
with  pale  dull  fulvous ;  with  transverse  slender  striae  and  obsolete 
radiating  ones  ;  deeper  colored  within  ;  cardinal  teeth  two  in  the 
left  valve  and  one  in  the  right  valve ;  lateral  teeth  none. 

South  Carolina. 


150  AMERICAN    MARINE   CONCHOLOGY. 

A  doubtful  species,  of  which  only  one  specimen  was  received  by 
Mr.  Say. 

8.  T.  DECORA,  Say.     Figs.  358,  359. 

Journ.  Philad.  Acad.,  v.  219.     1826. 

Transversely  subovate,  not  much  compressed,  with  numerous 
minute  concentric  wrinkles  and  regular  equidistant  lines  crossing 
them  ;  no  oblique  lines  on  the  posterior  margin.  Anterior  lateral 
tooth  of  the  left  valve  prominent,  the  others  obsolete  ;  apex  a  little 
before  the  middle.  Rosaceous,  or  white  with  rosaceous  radiations. 
Length  22,  height  19  mill. 

Southern  Coast. 

9.  T.  LATERALIS,  Say. 

Journ.  Philad.  Acad.,  v.  218.     1826. 

Shell  transversely  subovate ;  beaks  nearly  central.  Anterior 
margin  regularly  rounded ;  posterior  margin  rostrated,  the  beak 
turning  to  the  left  and  slightly  gaping  ;  ligament  slope  straight ; 
basal  margin  regularly  arcuated.  Yalves  with  small  concentric 
wrinkles  and  slight  waves ;  within,  these  are  slightly  impressed. 
Lateral  teeth  none ;  cardinal  teeth  two  in  one  valve,  and  one,  with 
another  scarcely  elevated  filiform  tooth  in  the  other.  Whitish, 
often  tinged  with  rusty ;  within  white. 

Length  52,  height  37  mill. 

Southern  Coast. 

I  am  not  acquainted  with  this  species. 

10.  T.  LUSORIA,  Say.     Fig.  360. 

(Psammobia.)    Journ.  Philad.  Acad.,  ii.  304.     1822. 
Shell  oblong,  suboval,  with  minute  wrinkles ;   posterior   side 
narrowed,  and  inclining  to  the  right  at  the  end ;  an  obtuse  convex 
line  on  the  left  valve.     Bluish-white. 
Length  1,  height  .6  inch. 

New  Jersey  to  Florida. 

Doubtful  Species. 

11.  T.  VERSICOLOR,  Cozzens.     Fig.  361. 

DeKay,  Moll.  N.  Y.  209,  t.  26,  f.  272.     1843. 

Shell  transverse,  compressed,  inequilateral,  slightly  gaping  at 
its  subacute  extremity,  smooth,  posterior  end  subangular,  with 
an  indistinct  fold ;  anterior  extremity  dilated  and  rounded.  Car- 
dinal teeth  two  in  the  right  valve ;  the  posterior  more  robust, 
simple,  in  the  left  valve  rudimentary  or  inconspicuous.  White, 


MARINE   MOLLUSCA   OP   THE   UNITED   STATES.  151 

opalescent,  with  a  purple  or  bluish  iridescence  often  in  the  form 
of  rays. 

Length  It,  height  10  mill. 

New  York. 

Genus  STEIGILLA,  Turton. 
Brit.  Bivalves,  117.     1822. 

This  genus  is  readily  recognized  by  its  obliquely-sculptured 
valves  and  its  orbicular  shape. 

1.  S.  CARNARIA,  Linnaeus.     Figs.  362,  363. 

(Tellina.)    Syst.  Nat.,  edit.  xii.  1119.     1767. 

Suborbicular,  convex,  strong,  glossy,  pink  or  rose  color ;  inside 
rosy  ;  lateral  teeth  distinct  and  nearly  equidistant. 

Southern  Coast  to  W.  Indies. 

2.  S.  FLEXUOSA,  Say.     Figs.  364,  365. 

(Tellina.)     Journ.  Philad.  Acad.,  ii.  303.    1822. 
Strigilla  mirabilis,  Phil.  Wiegm.  Archiv.,  260.     1841. 

Shell  suborbicular,  white,  smaller  and  more  convex  than   S. 
carnaria,  the  flexuous  lines  more  numerously  angled. 
Length  12,  height  11  mill. 

North  Carolina  to  W.  Indies. 

Doubtful  Species. 

3.  S.  MERA,  Say.     Fig.  366. 

(Tellina.)    Am.  Conch.,  vii.  t.  64,  f.  2. 

Shell  ovate-orbicular,  concentrically  striated,  hinge  bidentate, 
with  a  lateral  tooth  in  one  valve. 

South  Carolina. 

The  above  description  and  figure  refer  to  a  species  which  has 
not  been  identified ;  its  analogies  of  form  would  seem  to  indicate 
its  position  in  this  genus.  Mr.  Say  remarks  that  "  in  a  particular 
light  it  has  a  slight  appearance  of  longitudinal  lines."  It  is 
quite  possible  that  it  is  a  worn  specimen  of  Strigilla  in  which  the 
zigzag  oblique  lines  are  obsolete. 

Genus  MACOMA,  Leach. 
Journ.  de  Phys.,  Ixxxviii.  465.     1819. 

1.  M.  BALTHICA,  Linnaeus.     Fig.  36t. 

(Tellina.)    Syst.  Nat.,  edit.  xii.  1120.     1767. 
Psammobia  fusca,  Say,  Journ.  Philad.  Acad.,  v.  220.     1827. 

Shell  thin  and  fragile,  ovate  orbicular ,  beaks  small,  almost 
central.  Surface  with  concentric  wrinkles;  rounded  before  and 


152  AMERICAN   MARINE   CONCHOLOGY. 

somewhat  pointed  behind  ;  white  or  pink,  covered  with  a  dusky 
epidermis.     Teeth,  two  in  each  valve,  slender  and  slightly  diverg- 
ing, the  largest  grooved. 
Length  25,  height  20  mill. 

Whole  Coast,  Arctic  Seas,  N.  Europe. 

2.  M.  CALCAREA,  Chemnitz.     Fig.  368. 

(Tellina.)     Conch.  Cab.,  vi.  140,  f.  136.     1782. 
Tellina  sabulosa,  Spengler,  Skrivt,  Nat.  iv.,  Pt.  2.     1798. 
Tellina  proximo,,  Gray,  Zool.  Beechey's  Voy.,  154,  t.  44,  f.  4.     1839. 
Tellina  sordida,  Couthouy,  Bost.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.,  ii.  59,  t.  3,  f.  11. 

Shell  thin  and  fragile,  inequilateral,  subtriangular,  slightly 
gaping.  Epidermis  thin  and  brittle ;  beneath  which  the  surface 
is  marked  with  numerous  incremental  lines.  Beaks  very  small 
and  behind  them  the  margin  slopes  away  in  nearly  a  straight 
line.  Teeth  two  in  each  valve,  the  largest  bifid.  White,  covered 
by  a  thin,  brownish  epidermis. 

Length  22,  height  15  mill. 

Arctic  Seas  to  New  York. 

Wider  and  more  triangular  and  depressed  than  the  preceding 
species. 

3.  M.  SUBROSEA,  Conrad.     Fig.  369. 

Am.  Journ.  Conch.,  vi.  71,  t.  1,  f.  3.     1871. 

Subtriangular,  equilateral,  convex  ;  substance  very  thin ;  beaks 
slightly  prominent,  direct ;  posterior  side  cuneiform ;  ventral 
margin  rounded,  disk  minutely  striated  concentrically,  white  or 
rosaceous  and  glossy,  with  a  thin,  pale  ochreous  epidermis  ;  cardi- 
nal tooth  in  the  left  valve  compressed,  with  a  minute  linear  sulcus. 

Raritan  Bay,  N.  J.  ;  Delaware  Bay.' 

Doubtful  Species. 

4.  M.  TENUIS,  Da  Costa.     Fig.  3TO. 

(Tellina.)     Conrad,  in  Say's  American  Conchology,  vii.  t.  64,  f.  3. 
Shell  oval-triangular,  irregularly  striate  concentrically  ;  each 
valve  with  two  teeth  and  one  of  them  with  lateral  teeth. 

Sullivan's  Island,  S.  Oar. 

The  above  meagre  description  and  figure  represent  a  shell  sent 
to  Mr.  Say  by  Prof.  Ravenel  of  Charleston,  S.  C.,  which  Mr.  Con- 
rad has  identified  as  M.  tennis.  I  am  not  aware  that  it  has  since 
been  found  on  our  coast. 


MARINE    MOLLUSCA    OF    THE    UNITED    STATES.  153 

Genus  TELLIDOEA,  Morch. 
1.  T.  LUNULATA,  Holmes.     Figs.  371-3. 

Post  Plioc.  Fossils  S.  Car.,  47,  t.  9,  f.  7.     1860. 

Shell  subtriangular,  inequivalve,  inequilateral ;  surface  of  valves 
concentrically  plicated  ;  beaks  prominent,  slightly  curved  later- 
ally ;  lateral  slopes  strongly  produced,  dentated  at  their  edges ; 
two  primary  teeth  in  the  right  valve,  one  in  the  other;  lateral 
teeth  two  in  each  valve. 

No.  Carolina,  southwards.     (Living.) 

Genus  GASTRANELLA,  Verrill. 
1.  G.  TUMIDA,  Yerrill.     Figs.  374,  375. 

Am.  Journ.  Science,  iii.  286,  t.  6,  f.  3.     1872. 

Shell  small,  variable  in  form,  swollen  above,  more  or  less  elon- 
gated, oval  or  oblong,  with  rounded  ends,  compressed  posteriorly. 
Beaks  rounded,  somewhat  prominent,  incurved,  but  not  approxi- 
mate, and  directed  somewhat  forward ;  anterior  dorsal  margin 
deeply  concave  in  front  of  the  beaks,  but  without  a  distinct 
lunule,  at  the  anterior  end  regularly  rounded  or  a  little  prolonged, 
compressed ;  ventral  margin  slightly  convex,  or  nearly  straight 
and  subparallel  with  the  dorsal  margin,  or  incurved,  in  the  differ- 
ent specimens  ;  posterior  end  broadly  rounded  in  some,  decidedly 
prolonged  in  others;  dorsal  posterior  margin  usually  nearly 
straight  for  at  least  half  its  length,  sometimes  a  little  convex  and 
gradually  sloping  throughout.  Surface  with  fine  somewhat  ir- 
regular, concentric  striae,  slightly  iridescent.  White,  with  the 

umbones  purple. 

Long  Island  Sound,  near  New  Haven,  Conn. 

This  species  appears  to  be  a  "  nestler"  and  quite  variable  in 
form.  About  20  specimens  were  obtained  of  different  sizes ;  one 
of  the  largest,  which  may  not  be  mature,  is  .18  of  an  inch  long, 
.09  high,  and  about  the  same  in  thickness.  In  4-6  fathoms, 
shelly  and  gravelly  bottom,  among  hydroids  and  sponges. 

Genus  DONAX,  Linnaeus. 
Syst.  Nat.,  edit.  x.  682.     1758. 

1.  D.  FOSSOR,  Say.     Figs.  376,  377. 

Journ.  Philad.  Acad.,  ii.  306.     1822. 
Donax  angustatus,  Sowerby.     Thes.  Conch.  Monag.  Donax. 

Shell  subtriangular,  anterior  margin  short  and  rounded.  Pos- 
terior hinge-slope  straight ;  the  base  very  slightly  prominent  be- 


154  AMERICAN   MARINE   CONCHOLOGY. 

yond  a  regular  curve  at  the  middle  ;  basal  margin  crenate  within ; 
pale  livid,  with  or  without  obscure  rays. 

Length  12.5  mill. 

New  Jersey. 

This  very  distinct  species  appears  to  be  extremely  local  in  dis- 
tribution ;  it  does  not  occur  north  of  Long  Island  Sound,  nor  has 
it  been  detected  south  of  Delaware  Bay. 

2.  D.  VARIABILIS,  Say.     Figs.  378,  319. 

Journ.  Philad.  Acad.,  ii.  305,  1822. 

Shell  triangular;  anterior  margin  obliquely  truncated,  cordate, 
suture  a  little  convex;  posterior  hinge  margin  nearly  straight; 
base  a  little  prominent  beyond  a  regular  curve  near  the  middle. 
Yalves  striated  longitudinally  with  scarcely  visible  parallel 
impressed  lines  ;  basal  edge  crenate.  White  or  bluish  with  rays 
of  bluish-purple. 

Length  22,  height  12  mill. 

Beaufort,  N.  C.,  southwards. 

Genus  ABBA,  Leach. 
Lam.  Anim.  s.  Vert.  1818. 

1.  A.  ^EQUALIS,  Say.     Figs.  380,  381. 

(AmpMdesma.)  Journ.  Philad.  Acad.,  ii.  307.  1822. 
Shell  orbicular,  slightly  oblique,  polished,  white,  with  very 
minute  and  numerous  concentric  wrinkles  near  the  margin,  which 
are  obsolete  on  the  disk  and  umbo  ;  lateral  teeth  none  ;  primary 
teeth  two  in  the  left  valve  and  one  in  the  other ;  interior  ligament 
cavity  subfusiform,  as  long  as  the  exterior  ligament. 

Length  10  mill. 

New  Haven,  Conn.,  North  Carolina,  southwards. 

Genus  SEMELE,  Schumacher. 
Essai  Nov.  Gen.,  165.     1817. 

1.  S.  ORBICULATA,  Say.     Fig.  382. 

(Amphidesma.}    Journ.  Philad.  Acad.,  ii.  317.     1822. 
Shell  orbicular, somewhat  compressed;  beaks  nearly  central  and 
a  little  prominent ;  valves  slightly  wrinkled  concentrically ;  hinge 
with  two  lamellar  teeth.     White. 
Length  and  height  27  mill. 

•  North  Carolina,  southwards. 

2.  S.  RADIATA,  Say.     Fig.  383. 

(Amphidesma.)    Journ.  Philad.  Acad.,  v.  220.     1826. 
Transversely  oval  orbicular,  a  little  compressed.     Apex  nearly 


MARINE   MOLLUSCA   OP   THE   UNITED    STATES.  155 

central,  a  little  prominent,  posterior  slope  slightly  concave.     Pri- 
mary teeth  two  in  each  valve ;  lateral  teeth  very  distinct.     White 
with  rosaceous  radiating  bands,  sometimes  obsolete ;  within  tinged 
with  yellow,  and  showing  the  bands. 
Length  2T,  height  23  mill. 

Georgia,  southwards. 

3.  S.  NEXILIS,  Gould. 

Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  viii.  280.     1862. 

Shell  oblong-oval,  white,  with  a  blush  towards  the  umbones  ; 
reticulated  by  concentric  laminar  striae  and  remote  radiating  ribs, 
their  intersections  punctate,  and  muriculate  towards  the  ends ; 
umbones  a  little  behind  the  middle. 

Length  25,  height  15  mill. 

Coast  of  Georgia. 

The  sculpture  is  similar  to  that  in  the  young  of  Lucina  tigerina, 
but  much  more  delicate. 

The  above  is  from  Gould's  description;  I  have  not  seen  the 
species. 

4.  S.  ORNATA,  Gould. 

Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vii.  280.     1862. 

Shell  small,  elliptical,  reddish,  rosaceous  near  the  margin  in 
radiating  and  concentric  lines ;  concentrically  costate-striate  and 
radiately  striate ;  within  flavous  somewhat  radiated  with  red. 

Coast  of  Georgia. 

This  species  I  have  not  seen.  It  was  dredged  by  the  U.  S. 
Coast  Survey. 

Genus  CTJMINGIA,  Sowerby. 
Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  3,  4.     1833. 

The  species  of  Cumingia  are  usually  found  in  sponges,  sand, 
and  fissures  of  rocks;  the  valves,  in  consequence,  often  assume 
an  irregular  aspect. 

1.  0.  TELLINOIDES,  Conrad.     Fig.  384. 

(Mactra.)     Journ.  Philad.  Acad.,  vi.  258,  t.  9,  f.  2,  3.     1830. 
Shell  ovate-triangular,  thin,  white,  nearly  equilateral ;  pointed 
and  deflected  behind,  broadly  rounded  before;  surface  covered  by 
numerous  sharp,  elevated  growth  lines. 

Length  15,  height  11  mill. 

New  Bedford,  Mass.,  to  Georgia. 


156  AMERICAN    MARINE   CONCHOLOGT. 

Genus  CEKONIA,  Gray. 

1.  C.  ARCTATA,  Conrad.     Figs.  385,  386. 

(Mactra.)    Journ.  Philad.  Acad.,  yi.  257,  t.  11,  f.  1.     1830. 
Mactra  deaurata,  Conrad,  Am.  Mar.  Conch.  59^t.  14,  f.  1. 
Mactra  subtriangulata,  Wood,  Index  Suppl.  t.  1,  f.  10. 

Shell  subtriangular,  wedge-shaped,  thick  and  strong,  smooth 
and  covered  by  a  thin  yellowish  epidermis.  Hinge  with  a  Y-shaped 
primary  tooth  and  a  long  straight  lateral  tooth  on  either  side, ' 
partially  double  in  the  left  valve  and  their  articulating  surfaces 
striated. 

Length  37,  height  25  mill. 

New  York  to  Labrador. 

2.  C.  DEAURATA,  Turton.     Fig.  387. 

(Mactra.)     Conch.  Dithyra  Brit.,  71,  t.  5,  f.  8.     1822. 
Mactra  denticulata,  Gray,  in  Wood  Suppl.,  t.  1,  f.  9. 
Mesodesma  Jauresii,  Joannis,  Mag.  de  Zool.,  t.  54.     1834. 

Shell  ovate,  triangular,  thick,  very  rough  with  coarse  concentric 
ridges  ;  lateral  teeth  very  strong,  curved,  faintly  striated. 
Length  43,  height  26  mill. 

New  Foundland,  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence. 

This  species  is  larger,  more  ovate  in  form,  flatter,  rougher  than 
C.  arctata,  and  differs  internally  in  its  curved  lateral  teeth  and 
their  obsolete  striation. 

Genus  ERVILIA,  Turton. 
Brit.  Bivalves,  56.     1822. 

1.    E.  CONCENTRICA,  Gould. 

Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  viii.  280.     1862. 

Shell  minute,  *oblong-ovate,  pellucid,  shining,  crowded  with  con- 
centric  raised  striae ;   umbones  a  little  posterior,  anterior  more 
acute  than  the  posterior  extremity. 
Length  6-J-,  height  4,  diam.  3  mill. 

Dredged  off  the  Coast  of  North  Carolina. 

This  little  shell,  which  seems  to  be  abundant  along  the  whole 
Southern  coast,  is  quite  different  from  anything  before  described. 
— GOULD. 

Family  VENERID^E. 

Animal  free,  locomotive,  rarely  byssiferous  or  burrowing  ;  man- 
tle with  a  rather  large  anterior  opening ;  siphons  unequal,  more 


MARINE   MOLLUSCA   OF   THE    UNITED   STATES.  157 

or  less  united  ;  foot  linguiform,  compressed,  sometimes  grooved  ; 
palpi  moderate,  triangular,  pointed  ;  branchiae  large,  subquadrate' 
united  posteriorly. 

Synopsis  of  Genera. 

Shell  ventricose,  subglobose,  triangularly  heart-shaped ;  valves  with  the 
margins  finely  crenulated.  Hinge  with  three  erect  compressed  diverging 
teeth  in  each  valve,  the  anterior  in  the  left  and  posterior  in  the  right  valve 
strong  and  somewhat  bifid,  the  others  simple  and  lamellar  ;  lozenge  pro- 
minent, obliquely  sulcately  crenate  within.  Pallial  line  remote  from  the 
ventral  margin,  ending  behind  in  a  short,  narrow,  triangular  sinus. 

MERCENARIA. 

Shell  roundly  triangular,  subequilateral ;  surface  of  valves  smooth,  the 
margins  crenulated.  Three  primary  teeth  in  the  left  valve,  the  middle 
one  conical  and  slightly  arched,  and  two  in  the  right  valve,  diverging, 
with  a  wide  pit  between  them.  Muscular  impressions  ventral ;  pallial 
line  .marginal,  with  a  very  long,  narrow,  deep  sinus  ascending  perpendi- 
cularly. GEMMA. 

Shell  ovately  triangular,  more  or  less  thickened  or  subcordiform  ;  margins 
of  the  valves  finely  crenulated.  Hinge  narrow,  solid,  tridentate  in  the 
right  valve,  bidentate  in  the  left ;  teeth  divaricate,  unequal,  the  anterior 
tooth  the  longest.  Pallial  line  with  the  sinus  nearly  obsolete,  or  very 
short  and  triangular.  CHIONE. 

Shell  transverse,  ovate,  inequilateral ;  margins  of  the  valves  entire,  often 
obtuse.  Hinge  tridentate  in  the  left  valve,  the  anterior  lateral  tooth 
united  to  the  lunular  tooth.  Pallial  line  with  a  wide,  deep,  semiovate 
sinus.  CALLISTA. 

Shell  orbicular,  compressed,  concentrically  striated,  deeply  lunulate 
under  the  beaks.  Hinge  with  three  teeth  in  each  valve,  the  lunular 
tooth  elongate  and  compressed ;  ligament  external,  partially  concealed 
under  the  lozenge.  Sinus  of  pallial  impression  deep,  oblique,  triangular, 
with  the  apex  acuminate.  .  DOSINIA. 

Shell  transversely  ovate,  inequilateral,  margins  entire.  Hinge  tridentate, 
teeth  sometimes  diverging,  sometimes  approximate,  subparallel,  often 
bifid  or  canaliculate  at  the  apex.  Pallial  impression  deeply  sinuated 
posteriorly  ;  sinus  semioval,  somewhat  horizontal.  TAPES. 

Shell  oblong  or  ovate,  white,  covered  with  a  hard,  thin  epidermis,  ventri- 
cose, anterior  side  short,  posterior  gaping.  Hinge  composed  of  two  pri- 
mary teeth  in  each  valve,  one  of  which  is  often  obsolete  or  rudimentary; 
lateral  teeth  none;  ligament  short,  external.  Pallial  line  with  a  deep 
rounded  sinus.  PETEICOLA. 


158  AMERICAN    MARINE   CONCHOLOGY. 

Genus  MEKCENARIA,  Schumacher. 
Essai  Nov.  Gen.,  135.     1817. 

1.  M.  MERCENARIA,  Linnaeus.     Figs.  388,  389,  390. 

(Venus.)     Syst.  Nat.,  edit.  xii.  1131.     1767. 
Mercenaries  violacea^  Schumacher,  Essai,  Nov.  135,  t.  10,  f.  3.     1817. 

VARIETY. 

Venus  notata,  Say,  Journ.  Philad.  Acad.,  ii.  271.     1822. 

Shell  solid,  obliquely  ovate,  very  inequilateral ;  lunule  heart- 
shaped  ;  surface  bluish-white,  with  numerous  concentric,  laminated 
ridges,  becoming  obsolete  on  the  middle ;  inner  margin  stained 
with  violet. 

The  variety  (perfect  young  or  half-grown  shells)  has  the  surface 
covered  with  fawn-colored  zigzag  markings,  and  the  interior  is 
wholly  white  (Fig.  390). 

Usual  length  3  inches,  height  2J  inches.     It  sometimes  attains 

much  greater  proportions. 

Massachusetts  to  North  Carolina. 

This  species  is  the  common  Round  Clam,  so  much  prized  as  an 
article  of  food.  Its  aboriginal  name  of  Quahog  has  now  fallen 
into  disuse.  It  abounds  in  all  our  bays,  a  few  inches  below  the 
surface,  from  low-water  mark  to  six  fathoms.  If  taken  from  its 
bed  and  placed  on  its  side,  it  can,  in  the  course  of  a  single  tide, 
bury  itself  six  inches.  From  the  colored  internal  margin  of  the 
shell  the  wampum  or  colored  beads,  constituting  the  specie  cur- 
rency of  the  Indians,  was  formerly  manufactured. 

2.  M.  MORTONI,  Conrad.     Figs.  391,  392. 

(Venus.)    Journ.  Philad.  Acad.,  vii.  251.     1837. 
Mercenaria  fulgurans,  Tryon,  Am.  Journ   Conch.,  i.     1865. 
?  Venus  prwparca,  Say,  Journ.  Philad.  Acad.,  ii.  271.     1822. 

Shell  very  large,  cordate,  inflated,  thick  and  ponderous,  with 
prominent  recurved  concentric  laminae,  more  elevated  at  the  sides; 
ligament  margin  arcuate.  Umbones  prominent ;  lunule  large,  cor- 
date, denned  by  a  deep  groove  ;  posterior  extremity  slightly  emar- 
ginate  ;  cavity  of  the  cartilage  profound.  Teeth  large,  prominent, 
grooved  ;  muscular  impressions  very  large  ;  inner  margin  regularly 
crenulated. 

Length  5  to  6  inches. 

North  Carolina,  southwards. 

Mercenaria  fulgurans,  Tryon,  (Fig.  391)  appears  to  be  a  younger 


MARINE   MOLLUSCA   OP   THE    UNITED   STATES.  159 

state  of  this  species,  in  which  the  surface  is  covered  with  zigzag 
fulvous  or  purplish  lines. 

Venus  praeparca,  Say,  has  not  been  positively  identified ;  it  may 
be  the  young  either  of  this  or  the  preceding  species. 

Genus  GEMMA,  Deshayes. 
Tottenia,  Perkins.     Bost.  Proc.,  148.    1869. 

1.  Gr.  GEMMA,  Totten.     Fig.  393. 

(  Venus.)     Silliman's  Journal,  xxvi.  367,  f.  2,  a.-d.     1834. 
Gemma  Totteni,  Sthnson,  Check  Lists.     1860. 
Tottenia  gemma,  Perkins,  Bost.  Proc.,  148.     1869. 

Shell  minute,  nearly  orbicular,  equilateral,  beaks  slightly  ele- 
vated ;  concentrically  furrowed  ;  violet  and  white ;  margin  crenulate. 
Length  3.5  mill. 

New  England  to  North  Carolina. 

This  species  is  viviparous,  producing  three  dozen  young  at  a 
time. 

2.  G.  MANHATTENSIS,  Prime.     Fig.  394. 

Ann.  New  York  Lyceum,  vii.  482.     1852. 

Shell  small,  triangular,  solid,  shining ;  beaks  nearly  central,  ele- 
vated ;  surface  grooved  with  remote  concentric  furrows,  inner 
margin  crenulated. 

Length  and  height  3  mill. 

New  York. 

It  is  rather  smaller,  more  triangular,  and  more  deeply  and 
regularly  grooved  than  G.  gemma,  and  destitute  of  purple  within 
and  without. 

Genus  CHIONE,  Muhlfeldt. 
Gray,  Zool.  Proc.,  183.     1847. 

The  animal  has  short,  broad,  unequal  siphons,  united  at  their 
bases,  the  branchial  with  two  rows  of  cirri,  the  anal  ciliated. 
Mantle-margins  plicato-dentate. 

1.  C.  CINGENDA,  Dillwyn.     Fig.  395. 

(Venus.")     Desc.  Cat.  Shells.     1815. 
Venus  cancellata,  Lamarck,  Anim.  s.  Vert.     1818. 
Venus  elevata,  Say,  Journ.  Philad.  Acad.,  ii.  272.     1822. 

Shell  subcordate,  longitudinally  sulcated,  sulci  equal,  numerous, 
dense,  on  the  anterior  submargin  sparse,  crossed  by  concentric, 


160  AMERICAN   MARINE   CONCHOLOGY. 

elevated,  remote,  lamellar  bands,  white,  with  blotches  of  red  or 
purple,  or  bluish-gray. 

Length  22.5,  height  20  mill. 

North  Carolina,  southwards. 

2.    C.  TRAPEZOIDALIS,  KUrtZ. 

(Venus.)     Cat.  Shells,  K  and  S.  Car.     1860. 

Shell  covered  with  convex  radiating  ribs,  set  with  brown  spots 
and  scales  of  growth.  A  thin  brown  pile  on  good  specimens. 

Length  12.5  mill. 

North  and  South  Carolina. 

Fossil  Species. 

C.  ALVEATA  (  Venus),  Conrad. 
C.  IN^EQUALIS  (  Venus),  Say. 

These  species  are  included  in  Stimpson's  Catalogue  of  Shells  of 
the  Atlantic  Coast,  but  I  am  confident  they  have  not  been  found 
except  in  a  fossilized  condition. 

Genus  CALLISTA,  Poll. 
Test.  Sicil.,  i.  30.     1791. 

The  mantle  margins  are  plicate,  with  filaments  above  the  base  of 
the  respiratory  siphon ;  siphons  united  to  their  ends,  crowned 
with  simple  cirrhi.  • 

1.  C.  GIGANTEA,  Chemnitz.     Fig.  396. 

Conch.  Cab.,  f.  1661. 

Shell  large,  ovate,  smooth,  slightly  angulated  on  the  anterior 
side;  posterior  depression  oblong-ovate,  a  little  impressed  on  its 
sides  and  keeled  in  the  middle.  Teeth  compressed.  Color  pale 
livid  with  numerous  lilac  longitudinal  broad  rays,  generally  inter- 
rupted. 

Length  6,  height  3.25  inches. 

North  Carolina,  southwards. 

2.  C.  MACULATA,  Linnaeus.     Fig.  397. 

\Venus.)     Syst.  Nat.,  edit.  xii.  432.     1767. 

Shell  oval,  rather  compressed,  posteriorly;  obliquely  somewhat 
produced';  fawn  white,  blotched  or  waved  with  violet  brown,  en- 
veloped with  a  shining  horny  epidermis. 

Georgia  to  West  Indies. 

3.  C.  SAYANA,  Conrad.     Fig.  398. 

(Cytlierea.)     Am.  Journ.  Science,  xxiii.  345.     1833. 
C.  convexa,  Say,  of  authors. 
Shell  moderately  solid,  ventricose,  subcordate ;  beaks  elevated, 


MARINE   MOLLUSCA   OF   THE   UNITED   STATES.  161 

directed    forwards.      Anterior    lunule    heart-shaped,    distinctly 
marked  by  a  simple  line.     Epidermis  dingy  white. 
Length  43,  height  35  mill. 

New  England  and  Middle  States. 

The  true  C.  convexa  of  Say  is  a  different  species,  only  occurring 
fossil. 

Genus  DOSINIA,  Scopoli. 

The  siphons  are  united  ;  mantle-margin  plicate ;  foot  subquad- 
rangular,  without  a  byssal  groove. 

1.  D.  DISCUS,  Reeve.  -   Fig.  399. 

Monog.  Conch.  Icon.,  vi.  sp.  9. 
Artemis  concentrica,  Conrad  (not  Gmelin),  Mar.  Conch.,  t.  12. 

Shell  compressed,  with  fine,  regular,  impressed  concentric  strise ; 
beaks  considerably  curved,  pointed ;  lunule  cordate,  slightly  im- 
pressed;  epidermis   yellowish-white;  hinge  with   a  large  oblong 
fosset  under  the  beaks  ;  muscular  impressions  very  large. 
Length  and  height  3.5  inches. 

Virginia  to  West  Indies. 

Genus  TAPES,  Muhlfeldt. 
Entwurf.  51.     1811. 

Siphons  united  as  far  as  the  middle,  diverging  at  their  ends  ; 
branchial  siphon  crowned  with  arborescent  tentacles;  mantle- 
margin  simple  ;  foot  lanceolate,  byssiferous. 

1.  T.  FLUCTUOSA,  Gould.     Figs.  400,  401. 

(Venus.")    Invert.  Mass.,  1st  edit.  87.     1842. 
Venus  Astartoides,  Beck.  Middend.  Beitr.  Mai.  Ross.,  iii.  56.     1849. 

Shell  transversely  ovate,  thin,  lenticular,  white,  with  a  yellow- 
ish epidermis;  surface  with  recurved  concentric  waves  vanishing 
at  the  sides ;  areola  none,  or  indistinct  in  old  specimens. 

Length  20,  height  15  mill. 

Newfoundland,  northward. 

Genus  PETEICOLA,  Lamarck. 
Syst.  Anim.  s.  Vert.  121.     1801. 

Siphons  elongated,  distinct,  their  orifices  ciliated;  the  mantle- 
lobes  are  united  except  a  small  anterior  opening ;  foot  compressed, 
lanceolate,  with  a  byssiferous  fissure  a  little  behind  the  middle  of 
the  lower  edge. 

The  Petricolas  excavate  limestone  or  coral  rocks,  and  also  bury 
in  mud. 
11 


162  AMERICAN    MARINE   CONCHOLOGY. 

1.  P.  PHOLADIFORMIS,  Lamarck.     Pigs.  402,  403. 

Anim.  sans  Vert.,  v.  565.     1818. 

Petricola  fornicata,  Say,  Journ.  Philad.  Acad.,  ii.  319.     1822. 
Petricola  dactylus,  Say  (not  Sowb.),  Am.  Conch  ,  t.  60,  f.  2.     1834. 

Shell  elongated,,  anterior  side  short,  with  strong  ribs  crossed  by 
waved  striae  ;  posterior  side  with  radiating  lines  and  gaping  ;  teeth 
three  in  one  valve,  and  two  in  the  other.     White. 
Length  37,  height  It  mill. 

Whole  Coast. 

Family  CYPRINIDJE. 

Animal  with  the  mantle-lobes  united  posteriorly  by  a  curtain, 
pierced  with  two  siphonal  orifices  ;  foot  thick,  tongue-shaped ; 
gills  two  on  each  side,  large,  unequal,  united  behind,  forming  a 
complete  partition  ;  palpi  moderate,  lanceolate. 

Synopsis  of  Genera. 

Shell  large,  oval,  strong,  with  usually  an  oblique  line  or  angle  on  the  pos- 
terior side  of  each  valve  ;  epidermis  thick  and  dark  ;  ligament  prominent, 
umbones  oblique,  no  lunule  ;  cardinal  teeth  2.2,  laterals  0-1, 1-0  ,  mus- 
cular impressions  oval,  polished.  CYPRINA. 

Shell  suborbicular,  compressed,  thick,  smooth  or  concentrically  furrowed  ; 
lunule  impressed  ;  ligament  external ;  epidermis  dark  ;  liiiige-teeth  2.2, 
the  anterior  tooth  of  the  right  valve  large  and  thick  ;  anterior  pedal  scar 
distinct.  ASTAKTE. 

Shell  minute,  triangular,  furrowed  ;  hinge  like  Astarte,  with  lateral  teeth. 

GOULDIA. 

Shell  rounded  or  oblong,  radiately  ribbed  ;  margin  toothed ;  hinge-teeth 
1.2,  and  an  elongated  posterior  tooth ;  anterior  pedal  scar  close  to  ad- 
ductor. CARDITA. 

Genus  CYPRINA,  Lamarck. 
Extr.  d'un  Cours.     1812. 

1.  C.  ISLANDICA,  Linnaeus.     Figs.  404,  405,  406. 

(Venus.)    Syst.  Nat.,  edit.  xii.  1131.     1767. 

Shell  large,  thick,  and  ponderous,  ventricose ;  beaks  prominent, 
incurved,  contiguous.  Ligament  stout  and  prominent ;  basal 
margin  simple,  rounded.  Cardinal  teeth  stout  and  diverging, 
lateral  inconspicuous.  Epidermis  coarse  and  wrinkled,  blackish, 
becoming  olivaceous  or  brownish  towards  the  margin. 
Length  3.3,  height  2.8,  diam.  1.4  inches. 

Massachusetts,  northward  (Eur.). 


MARINE   MOLLUSCA   OP   THE   UNITED   STATES.  163 

Genus  ASTAETE,  Sowerby. 
Min.  Conch.,  t.  137.     1816. 

Animal  with  mantle  open;  margins  plain  or  slightly  fringed; 
siphon al  orifices  simple  ;  foot  moderate,  tongue-shaped  ;  lips  large, 
palpi  lanceolate ;  gills  nearly  equal,  united  behind,  and  attached 
to  the  siphonal  band. 

The  genus  is  Arctic  in  distribution  ;  a  few  species  found  in  warm 
climates  are  scarcely  typical. 

1.  A.  BOREALIS,  Chemnitz.     Fig.  407. 

Conch.  Cab.,  vii.  t.  39,  f.  412.     1784. 

Astarte  semisulcata,  Leach,  Ann.  Phil.,  xiv.  f.  204.     Gould,  Invert.  Mass., 

edit.  ii.  121.     1870. 
Astarte  lactea,  Gould,  Invert.  Mass.,  edit.  i.  80.     1841. 

Shell  orbicular  elliptical,  compressed,  with  remote,  obtuse, 
rounded  ridges;  beaks  nearly  central;  epidermis  yellowish-brown, 
an  obsolete  lateral  tooth  in  each  valve  ;  margin  plain. 

Length  27.5,  height  25  mill. 

New  England  to  Arctic  Ocean. 

2.  A.  CASTANEA,  Say.    Figs.  408,  409,  410. 

Journ.  Philad.  Acad.,  ii.  273.    1822. 

Shell  thick  and  heav}^,  subtrigonal,  with  prominent  and  nearly 
central  beaks,  much  more  elevated  than  usual  in  the  genus.  Sur- 
face with  minute  wrinkles  and  larger  concentric  waves,  and  faint 
traces  of  radiating  lines.  Anterior  area  very  deeply  excavated, 
short,  broad,  and  smooth ;  posterior  slope  almost  straight,  with  a 
long  narrow  lanceolate  depression.  Margin  internally  crenulated. 
Epidermis  chestnut-brown. 

Length  and  height  1  inch. 

New  England  to  New  Jeney. 

The  foot  of  the  animal  is  a  bright  vermilion  color.  The  high 
beaks  curved  forwards,  giving  the  shell  a  somewhat  kidney-form 
appearance,  will  distinguish  this  species  from  all  others.  It  is  the 
only  species  occurring  as  far  south  as  southern  coast  of  New  Jer- 
sey, where  it  is  not  uncommon. 

3.  A.  COMPRESSA,  Montagu.     Fig.  411. 

(  Venus.)    Test.  Brit.  Suppl.  43,  t.  26,  f.  1.    1803. 
Astarte  striata,  Gray.  Append.  Beechey's  Voy.,  t.  44,  f.  9. 
Astarte  Banksti,  Leach,  Append.  Ross'  Voy.     1819. 

Shell  small,  ovate-triangular,  elevated,  beaks  prominent,  acute ; 


164  AMERICAN    MARINE    CONCHOLOGY. 

anterior  margin  concave,  with  a  deep,  broad  lunule  ;  surface  with 
rather  close  concentric  ribs  and  striae,  thirty  to  forty  in  number, 
sometimes  obsolete  towards  the  base  ;  inner  margin  simple. 

New  England,  northwards. 

4.  A.  DEPRESSA,  Brown.     Figs.  412,  415. 

(Crassina.)     Brit.  Conch.  96,  t.  38,  f.  2.     1827. 
Astarte  Warhami,  Hancock. 

Astarte  crebricostata,  Forbes,  Ann.  Nat.  Hist. ,  xix.  98,  t.  9,  f.  4.     1837. 
Astarte  lens,  Stimpson,  Yerrill,  Am.  Journ.  Science,  287.     Mar.  1872. 
Astarte  elliptica,  Brown,  Brit.  Conch.  96,  t.  38,  f.  3.     1844. 

Shell  large,  moderately  convex  or  depressed,  beaks  rather  ob- 
tuse, ovate-triangular ;  anterior  slope  slightly  concave,  the  poste- 
rior end  obtusely  rounded  or  truncated ;  with  thirty  to  forty 
squared  concentric  ribs,  more  or  less  obsolete  towards  the  posterior 
end  or  base.  Margin  finely  crenate  within. 

Length  27,  height  25  mill. 

Maine,  northwards.     (Europe.) 

Dr.  Gould  writes  of  this  species,  "  A  series  of  the  young  may 
be  selected  which  would  satisfy  any  one  as  to  specific  value ; 
while  intermediate  specimens  would  so  connect  it  with  sulcata, 
elliptica,  Banksii,  and  compressor,  as  to  be  a  complete  puzzle.  A 
large  compressed  form,  to  which  I  notice  that  Dr.  Stimpson  has 
attached  a  label  in  his  collection  with  the  name  A.  lens,  I  think 
would  fall  under  this  species,  though  it  merges  almost  as  well  into 
A.  sulcata."  Mr.  Yerrill  distinguishes  the  American  species  from 
depressa  (crebricostata),  under  the  name  of  lens  ;  I  am  inclined  to 
adopt  a  more  conservative  view,  in  this  genus,  where  the  specific 
characters  appear  to  be  so  greatly  modified  in  different  individuals. 

Figures  413-415  represent  A.  elliptica,  Brown,  which  can 
scarcely  be  designated  as  a  variety. 

5.  A.  QUADRANS,  Gould.     Fig.  416,  417. 

Invert.  Mass.,  edit.  i.  81,  f.  48.     1841. 
Astarte  Portlandica,  Mighels,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  129.     1843. 

Shell  obliquety  oval,  anterior  portion  the  longest ;  ,  surface 
smooth,  very  slightly  wrinkled  by  growth-lines  ;  epidermis  light 
yellowish-olive ;  hinge  margin  narrow,  with  a  small  lateral  tooth 
in  the  left  valve,  and  a  corresponding  groove  in  the  right  valve  ; 
inner  margin  plain. 

Length  12,  height  10  mill. 

Massachusetts,  northward. 


MARINE    MOLLUSCA   OP   THE   UNITED    STATES.  165 

6.  A.  LUTEA,  Perkins.     Fig.  418. 

Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  xiii.  151,  figure.     1869. 

Shell  gibbous,  thick,  subtrigonal,  length  and  breadth  nearly 
equal ;  beaks  prominent,  incurved,  not  meeting ;  surface  with 
twenty  or  more  concentric  ridges ;  margin  crenulated  within. 

Length  23,  breadth  21  mill. 

Connecticut. 

Animal  with  light  yellow  mantle,  edged  with  bright  orange  ; 
foot  bright  orange,  striped  longitudinally  with  yellow.  Ovaries 
full  of  bright  orange  ova  in  April. 

A  somewhat  doubtful  species ;  its  form  too  close  to  that  of 
bore alis.  '  , 

7.  A.  SULOATA,  Da  Costa.     Figs.  419,  420. 

(Venus.)     Brit.  Conch.,  192.     1778. 

Crassina  Danmbniensis,  Lamarck,  Anim.  s.  Vert.,  edit.  Deshayes,  vi.  360. 
Astarte  undata,  Gould,  Invert.  Mass.,  80.     1841. 
'  Astarte  latisulca,  Hanley,  Desc.  Cat.  87,  t.  14,  f.  35.     1843. 

Shell  ovate-triangular,  thick,  somewhat  compressed  ;  anterior 
side  somewhat  shortest ;  beaks  in  contact,  obtusely  pointed ;  sur- 
face with  from  ten  to  twenty  concentric  furrows  and  ridges,  the 
former  wider  than  the  latter.  Epidermis  dark  brown.  Hinge 
margin  crenulated. 

Length  31,  height  25  mill. 

New  England^  northwards. 

Doubtful  Species. 

8.  A.  LUNULATA,  Conrad,  Foss.  Tert.  Form.,  44,  t.  21,  f.  8. 

A.  bilunulata,  Conr.  Adams.  Genera,  ii.  484. 

This  species  is  inserted  in  Stimpson's  Check-List  of  Atlantic 
Coast  Shells,  but  I  think  it  exceedingly  improbable  that  it  has 
been  correctly  identified  with  any  living  species. 

Genus  GOTJLDIA,  C.  B.  Adams. 

1.  G.  MACTRAGEA,  Linsley.     Fig.  421. 

(Astarte.)    Gould,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.,  233.    1849. 
Shell  small,  solid,  trapezoidal  or  quadrant  shaped,  triangular 
above,  rounded  below ;  surface  undulated  by  about  fourteen  con- 
centric  waves  or  ribs,  with  very  minute  radiating  striae.     Color 
yellowish-green. 

Length  and  height  6  mill. 

Massachusetts  to  South  Carolina. 


166  AMERICAN    MARINE    OONCHOLOGY. 

2.    G.  FASTIGIATA.      Gould. 

Bost.  Proc.,  viii.  280.     1862. 

Shell  small,  obliquely  triangular,  rather  solid,  yellowish,  concen- 
trically sharply  ribbed ;  apex  acute,  anterior  margin  concave, 
dorsal  margin  arcuate ;  ventral  margin  nearly  straight,  anterior 
angle  distinct,  posterior  angle  rounded. 

Length  and  height  8  mill. 

Frying  Pan  Shoals,  N.  Car. 

I  have  not  seen  this  species,  nor  has  it  been  figured. 

Genus  CAKDITA,  Brugiiiere. 
Encyc.  Meth.  i.  401.     1789. 

Animal  with  the  mantle-lobes  free,  except  between  the  siphonal 
orifices;  branchial  margin  with  conspicuous  cirri;  foot  rounded 
and  grooved,  spinning  a  byssns,  labial  palpi  short,  triangular, 
plaited,  gills  rounded  in  front,  tapering  behind,  and  united 
together,  the  outer  pair  narrowest. 

Recent  systematists  have  separated  a  number  of  genera  from 
Cardita,  and  generally,  with  sufficiently  good  distinctive  char- 
acters; I  have  indicated  these  groups  in  the  specific  descriptions.  > 

1.  C.  BOREALIS,  Conrad.     Fig.  422. 

Am.  Mar.  Conch.,  39,  t.  8,  f.  1.     1831. 
Cardita  vestita,  Deshayes,  Zool.  Proc.,  t.  17,  f.  10.     1852. 

Shell  suborbicular,  thick,  with  about  eighteen  rounded  ribs,  and 
narrow  interstices,  concentrically  striated;  epidermis  brownish- 
black;  margins  crenulated  within. 

Length  and  height  1  inch,  diam.  .T  inch. 

New  York,  northwards. 

This  is  the  Jype  of  Conrad's  genus  Cyclocardia,  which  also 
includes  the  following  species. 

2.  C.  NOVANGLI^B,  Morse.     Fig.  423. 

(Cyclocardia.)    First  An.  Rep.  Peabody  Acad.,  76,  f.  1869. 
Shell  oblong  ovate,  thin,  beaks  nearly  central,  not  prominent; 
with  about  seventeen  ribs  and  concentric  striae;  margin  crenate 
within. 

Length  21,  height  16  mill. 

New  England,  northwards. 

This  species  is  more  transverse  and  thinner  than  C.  borealis, 
the  beaks  are  not  so  elevated  or  projecting,  and  the  hinge-plate  is 
much  narrower. 


MARINE    MOLLUSCA   OP   THE    UNITED    STATES.  167 

3.  C.  TRIDENTATA,  Say.    Figs.  424,  425. 

(Venericardia.}  Journ.  Plrilad.  Acad.,  v.  216,  Am.  Conch,  t.  40. 
Shell  suborbicular,  subequilateral,  thick  and  ponderous,  with 
about  eighteen  convex  ribs,  crossed  by  concentric  elevated  lines  ; 
within  the  margin  is  deeply  crenate;  hinge  with  two  diverging 
teeth,  separated  by  a  large  cavity  in  one  valve,  and  in  the  other 
a  single,  large,  triangular,  recurved  tooth,  closing  into  the  cavity. 

Length  6.5,  height  6  mill. 

South  Carolina. 

This  is  a  somewhat  doubtful  species,  and  appears  to  have  been 
described  from  a  single  specimen,  which  was  possibly  young  and 
the  hinge  not  perfect.  Can  it  be  the  young  of  C.  Novanglise? 
Conrad  has  made  a  genus  "  Pleuromeris"  for  his  C.  tridentata,  a 
fossil  shell  which  is  not  specifically  identical  with  Say's  species, 
although  it  belongs  apparently  to  the  same  group. 

Spurious  and  Doubtful  Species. 
C.  INCRASSATA,  Sowb.,  Conrad,  Mar.  Conch.,  is  an  East  Indian 

species. 
C.  (CARDITAMERA)  FLORIDANA,  Conrad,  Fossil  Shells,  12.     1837. 

Inhabits  Key  West  and  Tampa  Bay,  Florida,  but  I  think  it  has 
not  been  detected  on  the  Atlantic  coast,  although  it  is  included  in 
Stimpson's  Catalogue. 
VENERICARDIA  CRIBRARIA,  Say,  cover  of  Am.  Conch.,  pt.  5. 

A  single  specimen  from  the  coast  of  New  Jersey.  Say  writes 
"  can  this  be  a  variety  of  the  borealis  of  Conrad  ?  Having  but  a 
single  specimen,  I  cannot  determine  this  question." 

Family  LUCINIDJE. 

Animal  with  mantle-lobes  open  below,  and  having  one  or  two 
siphonal  orifices  behind ;  foot  elongated,  cylindrical,  or  ligulate, 
protruded  at  the  base  of  the  shell ;  gills  one  (or  two)  on  each  side, 
large  and  thick,  oval;  mouth  and  palpi  usually  minute. 

The  Lucinidaj  are  distributed  chiefly  in  the  tropical  and  tem- 
perate seas,  upon  sandy  and  muddy  bottoms,  from  the  sea-shore 
to  the  greatest  habitable  depths. 

Synopsis  of  Genera. 
Shell  orbicular,  white ;  umbones  depressed ;  lunule  distinct ;  margins  smooth 

or  minutely  crenulated  ;  ligament  oblique,  semi-internal ;  hinge  teeth  2.2, 

laterals  1-1  and  2-3,  or  obsolete;  muscular  impressions  rugose,  antei 


168  AMERICAN   MARINE   CONCHOLOGY. 

elongated  within  the  pallial  line,  posterior  oblong  ;  umbonal  area  with  an 
oblique  furrow.  LUCINA. 

Shell  globular,  posterior  side  furrowed  or  angulated,  umbones  much  re- 
curved ;  lunule  short  or  indistinct ;  ligament  to  a  certain  extent  external, 
placed  in  a  groove  on  the  hinge-line,  and  outside  the  hinge-plate ;  teeth 
altogether  wanting.  CRYPTODON. 

Shell  suborbicular,  smooth ;  ligament  double,  rather  long,  submarginal ; 
hinge-teeth  2.2,  of  which  the  anterior  in  the  left  valve  and  posterior  in 
the  right,  are  bifid,  lateral  teeth  none ;  muscular  impressions  polished, 
rounded.  MYSIA. 

Shell  small,  thin,  suborbicular,  closed ;  beaks  small ;  margins  smooth ; 
ligament  internal,  interrupting  the  margin,  or  on  the  thickened  margins; 
cardinal  teeth  1  or  2,  laterals  1-1  in  each  valve.  KELLIA. 

Shell  oblong,  inequilateral,  anterior  side  very  short;  ligament  concealed 
between  the  valves ;  hinge-teeth  2-2.  TURTONIA. 

Shell  small,  thin,  oblong,  anterior  side  longest ;  hinge  line  notched ;  liga- 
ment internal,  between  two  laminar  diverging  teeth.  MONTACUTA. 

Shell  equivalve,  orbicular,  subequilateral,  compressed,  gaping  slightly  at 
the  sides  ;  surface  of  valves  shagreened  or  smooth  ;  margins  plain  ;  beaks 
acute.  Hinge  composed  of  a  pair  of  teeth-like  lamina?  on  each  side  of  a 
triangular,  central  excision  in  one  valve. ;  a  primary  apical  tooth  in  front 
of  a  subtriangular  excision  of  the  hinge-margin,  and  flanked  on  each  side 
by  a  sublateral  lamina  in  the  other.  Pallial  impressions  simple. 

LEPTON. 

Genus  LUCINA,  Bruguiere. 
Encyc.  Meth.,  t.  284.     1792. 

Animal  with  the  mantle  freely  open  below;  siphonal  orifices 
simple;  mouth  minute,  lips  thin;  gills  single  on  each  side,  very 
large  and  thick ;  foot  long,  cylindrical,  pointed,  slightly  heeled  at 
the  base. 

1.  L.  FILOSA,  Stimpson.     Fig.  426. 

Shells  of  New  England,  17.     1851. 

Lucina  radula,  Gould  (not  Montagu),  Invert.  Mass.,  edit.  i.  69.     1841. 
Lucina  contracta,  De  Kay  (not  Say),  Nat.  Hist.  New  York,  214,  t.  27,  f. 

275.     1843. 

Shell  orbicular,  depressed;  surface  with  numerous  remote  con- 
centric laminated  striae;  liu^ile  depressed  lanceolate;  lateral  teeth 
obsolete.  White  or  light  brown. 

Length  and  height  1.5  inches. 

New  England. 


MARINE    MOLLUSCA   OP   THE    UNITED    STATES.  169 

2.  L.  PUSILLA,  Gould. 

Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  viii.  282.     1862. 

Shell  minute,  reniform,  yellowish,  slightly  concentrically  striate; 
umbones  a  little  posterior,  elevated ;  anterior  dorsal  margin  exca- 
vated, extremity  retusely  rounded;  posterior  extremity  broadly 
rounded,  subtruncated ;  within  radiatingly  striated,  the  striae 
evanescent  towards  the  umbones. 

Length  3,  height  2.5  mill. 

Coast  of  North  Carolina.    ( Coast  Survey. ) 

3.  L.  PENTATA,  Wood.     Fig.  427. 

Gen.  Conch.,  195,  t.  46,  f.  7.     1817. 
Lucina  strigilla,  Stimpson,  Shells  N.  E.,  17.     1851. 
Lucina  Americana,  C.  B.  Adams,  Contrib.  Conch.,  243.     1852. 
Lucina  divaricata,  Lamarck  (not  Linn.),  Anim.  s.  Vert.,  v.  541.     1818. ' 

Shell  thin,  orbicular,  equilateral;  beaks  small,  prominent, 
inclined  forwards ;  basal  margin  regularly  rounded  and  crenate. 
Surface  with  well-marked  concentric-lines,  crossed  by  deep,  oblique, 
narrow  furrows,  flexed  at  nearly  right  angles  at  the  anterior  third 
of  the  surface.  White. 

Length  25,  height  22  mill. 

Entire  Coast.    (Distribution  universal) 

4.  L.  TIGERINA,  Linnaeus.     Fig.  428. 

Syst.  Nat.,  edit.  xii.  1133.     1767. 

Shell  oblong-ovate,  longer  than  high,  flatly  convex,  radiately 
many  grooved,  very  closety  decussated  throughout  with  concentric 
ridges  ;  white  within  and  without. 

Southern  Coast.    (  W.  Ind. ) 

5.  L.  EDENTULA,  Linnaeus.     Fig.  429. 

Mus.  Ulric,  74. 
Lucina  chrysostoma,  Phil.  Zeit.,  Malak.,  ii.  181.     1845. 

Shell  orbicular,  rather  thin,  ventricose,  superficially  excavated 
from  the  umbones  on  each  side,  concentrically  finely  and  closely 
striated,  teeth  obsolete ;  semitransparent  white,  orange  within. 

Southern  Coast.    (W.  Ind.) 

1  For  full  synonymy  and  notes  on  this  species,  see  TRYON,  Proc.  Pnilad. 
Acad.,  85.  1872. 


170  AMERICAN    MARINE   CONCHOLOGY. 

Genus  CRYPTODON,  Turton. 
Brit.  Bivalves,  121.     1822. 

1.  C.  GOULDII,  Philippi.     Fig.  430. 

(Lucina.)     Zeit.,  Malak.,  74.     1845. 
Lucina  flexuosa,  Gould  (not  Montagu),  Invert.  Mass.,  edit.  i.  71,  f.  52. 

Shell  minute,  white,  ovate-globose,  nearly  equilateral;  beaks 
prominent,  inclined  forwards,  and  having  a  rounded  impression  in 
front  of  them;  surface  smooth,  white;  glossy  within,  with  minute 
radiating  lines. 

Length  7.5,  height  8  mill. 

New  England. 

2.  C.  OBESUS,  Yerrill.     Fig.  431. 

Am.  Journ.  Science,  287,  t.  7,  f.  2.     1872. 

Shell  white,  irregularly  and  rather  coarsely  concentrically 
striated,  much  swollen  in  the  middle;  transverse  diameter  nearly 
equal  to  the  length;  height  considerably  exceeding  the  length; 
beaks  prolonged  and  turned  strongly  to  the  anterior  side;  lunular 
area  rather  large  and  sunken,  somewhat  flat,  in  some  cases  sepa- 
rated by  a  slight  ridge  into  an  inner  and  an  outer  portion ;  anterior 
border  with  a  prominent  rounded  angle;  ventral  margin  prolonged 
and  rounded  in  the  middle ;  posterior  side  with  two  strongly 
developed  flexures,  separated  by  deep  grooves;  interior  of  shell 
with  radiating  grooves,  most  conspicuous  toward  the  ventral  edge. 

Length  15,  height  18  mill. 

British  America. 

More  nearly  related  to  C.flexuosus  of  Europe  than  to  C.  Qouldii. 
The  latter  is  thinner  and  more  delicate,  more  rounded,  relatively 
much  longer  and  much  smaller. 

Genus  MYSIA,  Leach. 
Menke,  Syn.,  edit.  ii.  112.     1830. 

1.  M.  PUNCTATA,  Say. 

(? Amphidesma.)     Journ.  Philad.  Acad.,  ii.  308.     1822. 
Orbicular,  with  numerous  minute  concentric  wrinkles  and  very 
numerous  minute  punctures;  within,  a  small  rim  or  projecting  line 
runs  near  the  edge  from  the  hinge  to  the  basal'margin.    White. 
Length  and  height  7.5  mill. 

Southern  Coast. 


MAEINE   MOLLUSCA   OF   THE   UNITED   STATES.  171 

Genus  KELLIA,  Turton. 
Brit.  Bivalves,  57.     1822. 

The  animal  has  a  very  short  posterior  siphon :  anal  tube  undi- 
vided, entire  below. 

1.  K.  PLANULATA,  Stimpson.     Fig.  432. 

Shells  of  New  Eng.,  17.    1851. 
Kellia  rubra,  Gould  (not  Montagu),  Invert.  Mass.,  edit.  i.  GO.    1841. 

Shell  minute,  rather  thick,  suboval ;  beaks  prominent,  in  contact, 
with  a  well-defined  lunule  in  front  of  them ;  anterior,  white,  with 
a  thin  purplish  epidermis. 
Length  4,  height  3  mill. 

New  England. 

More  compressed  and  longer  than  the  next  species. 

2.  K.  STJBORBICULARIS,  Montagu.     Figs.  433,  434,  435. 

(My a.)    Test.  Brit.,  39,  564,  t.  26,  f.  6.     1803. 

Shell  quadrangular  or  rounded,  swelled,  thin  and  fragile;  white 
with  a  very  thin  somewhat  iridescent  epidermis;  beaks  nearly 
median,  small,  pointed,  inclining  inwards  rather  than  forwards; 
no  lunule. 

Length  and  height  8  mill. 

New  England.    (N.  Eur.} 

Genus  TUBTONIA,  Hanley. 
Brit.  Moll.,  ii.  81.     1849. 
Anal  siphon  slender  and  produced.     Foot  large,  heeled. 

1.  T.  NITIDA,  Verrill.     Figs.  438,  439. 

Am.  Journ.  Sci.,  iii.  286,  t.  7,  f.  4,  4«.     1872. 
T.  minuta,  Gould  (not  Fab.),  Invert.  Mass.,  edit.  ii.  85,  f.  395.     1871. 

Shell  minute,  ovate,  rather  convex,  fragile,  semitransparent, 
beaks  at  about  the  anterior  third,  .elevated,  inclined  forwards; 
smooth,  straw-colored,  blending  into  dark-purple  at  the  beaks  and 
posterior  slope;  anterior  margin  broadly  rounded,  posterior 
margin  more  acutely  rounded. 

Length  2,  height  l.T  mill. 

Found  in  crevices  of  shells  and  rocks,  and  among  the  roots  of 

sea-weeds. 

Northern  Coast. 


172  AMERICAN   MARINE   CONOHOLOGY. 

Genus  MONTACUTA,  Turton. 
Concli.  Diet.,  102.     1819. 

1.  M.  ELEVATA,  Stimpson.     Fig.  440. 

Shells  New  Eng.,  16.     1851. 

Montacula  bidentata,  Gould  (non  Auct.),  Invert.  Mass.,  edit.  i.  59.    1841. 
Shell  ovate,  triangular,  beaks  tumid,  elevated,  nearly  central, 
disk  flattened  below  the  middle;  tooth  on  the  shorter  side  oblique 
and  excavated  for  the  reception  of  the  ligament.     White,  under  a 
very  thin  straw-colored  epidermis. 

Length  5,  height  4  mill. 

New  England. 

2.  M.  GOULDI,  Thomson.     Fig.  441. 

Am.  Journ.  Conch.,  iii.  33,  t.  1,  f.  15.  1867. 

Shell  minute,  diaphanous,  rhomboidal,  inequilateral,  not  com- 
pressed. Beaks  rather  prominent,  not  in  contact,  with  an  exca- 
vated areola  in  front.  Basal  margin  nearly* straight,  ends  obtusely 
rounded,  forming  a  rhomboidal  outline;  lines  of  growth  regular, 
with  an  opaque  white  thickened  band  surrounding  the  margin; 
hinge  with  the  cartilage  occupying  a  pit  between  two  rather  strong 

teeth. 

New  Bedford,  Mass. 

<•     Genus  LEPTON,  Turton. 
Brit.  Bivalves,  62.     1819. 

The  mantle  is  much  produced  beyond  the  margin  of  the  shell, 
and  is  furnished  with  slender,  tentacular  filaments.  The  foot  is 
folded  as  in  Area,  but  when  the  animal  is  in  motion  it  forms  an 
expanded  disk. 

1.  L.  LEPIDUM,  Say.    Fig.  461. 

(Amphidesma.)    Journ.  Philad.  Acad.,  v.  221.     1826. 
Shell  very  much  compressed,  subtriangular,  remarkably  thin, 
pellucid,   equilateral,  somewhat   iridescent,  with   numerous   con- 
centric  wrinkles,   and   equally   numerous,  very  minute,  regular, 
longitudinal    striae,  curving  towards  the  anterior  and  posterior 
edges;  cardinal  teeth  obsolete,  laterals  prominent. 
Length  6,  height  6.5  mill. 

South  Carolina. 

2.  L.  LONGIPES,  Stimpson. 

Bost.  Proc.,  v.  111.     1855. 
Shell  subtriangular,  somewhat  rounded,  slightly  compressed, 


MARINE    MOLLUSCA   OP   THE    UNITED    STATES.  173 

smooth  and  polished,  broad  anteriorly  and  sloping  at  the  posterior 
dorsal  margin;  beaks  elevated;  and  lower  margin  nearly  straight. 
Animal  white,  nearly  transparent ;  mantle  extending  beyond  the 
margin  of  the  shell,  open  in  front,  with  undulated  but  unfringed 
margins;  foot  large  and  powerful  and  may  be  expanded  to  double 
the  length  of  the  shell,  with  a  posterior  heel.  The  animal  suspends 
itself  by  its  foot,  or  can  use  it  for  creeping  like  a  gasteropod. 

Charleston,  8.  C. 

Unidentified  Species. 

3.  L.  FABAGELLA,  Conrad.    Figs.  442-444. 

Am.  Mar.  Conch.,  53,  t.  xi.  f.  3. 

Shell  suboval,  convex,  with  minute  crowded  concentric  lines ; 
beaks  central,  rather  prominent;  epidermis  yellowish,  very  thin, 
wrinkled  ;  teeth  similar  in  each  valve;  the  posterior  tooth  longest, 
and  angulated  under  the  beak. 

Rhode^Island. 

A  single  specimen  obtained. 

Family  CARDIID^. 

Palpi  slender,  acuminate.  Mantle  freely  open  in  front;  siphons 
distinct  but  very  short,  and  nearly  sessile,  their  bases  and  sides 
furnished  with  tentacular  filaments ;  gills  two  on  each  side,  thick, 
united  together  behind  the  body.  Foot  very  long  and  geniculate. 

Synopsis  of  Genera. 

Shell  globose,  gibbose,  nearly  equilateral,  more  or  less  gaping  posteriorly! 
the  margins  often  serrated ;  valves  with  elevated  radiating  ribs. 

CARDIUM. 

Shell  longitudinally.oval,  inequilateral ;  surface  of  valves  plain  (not  ribbed); 

hinder  gap  small.  L^VICABDIUM. 

Shell    subcordate,    compressed,   rather  thin,   subequilateral,  valves  with 

obsolete,   radiating  ridges,    sliglitly  gaping;    beaks    rather  prominent. 

Hinge  with  the  cardinal  teeth  wanting.  SERRIPES,  Beck. 

Genus  CAEDITJM,  Linnaeus. 
Syst.  Nat,  edit.  x.     1758. 

1.  C.  ISOCARDIA,  Linnaeus.     Fig.  445. 

Syst.  Nat.,  edit.  x.  679.     1758. 
Shell  obliquely  heart-shaped,  gibbous;   radiately  ribbed,  ribs 


174  AMERICAN   MARINE   CONCHOLOGY. 

about  thirty-four  in  number,  squamiferous,  scales  vaulted,  rather 
elevated,  slightly  flattened  on  the  posterior  side,  anterior  scales 
more  or  less  obtusely  thickened.  Pale  straw-color,  stained  with 
purple-brown,  interior  bright  purple-scarlet,  especially  towards  the 

umbones. 

Southern  Coast.    (  West  Indies. ) 

2.  C.  MURICATUM,  Linnaeus.     Figs.  446,  441. 

Syst.  Nat.,  edit.  x.  680.     1758. 

Shell  ovate,  heart-shaped,  with  thirty-six  ribs,  of  which  twelve 
have  their  spines  directed  in  an  opposite  direction  to  the  others ; 
marginal  serratures  largest  on  the  anterior  edge.  Grayish  or 
yellowish-white,  edged  with  orange-yellow  or  scarlet  on  the  ante- 
rior side,  and  sometimes  stained  with  red. 
Length  37,  height  40  mill. 

North  Carolina,  southwards. 

3.  C.  ELEGANTULUM,  Beck.     Fig.  448. 

Morch.  Prodr.  Faun.  Grcenl.,  20.     1857. 

Shell  small,  oval,  beaks  a  little  anterior;  with  twenty-six  to 
twenty-eight  ribs,  separated  by  deep,  wide  grooves,  and  crossed 
by  imbricated  bars. 

Length  6,  height  5  mill. 

Greenland. 

4.  C.  MAGNUM,  Born.     Fig.  449. 

Test.  Mus.  C*es.  Vind.,  46,  t.  3,  f.  5.     1780. 

Shell  very  large,  obliquely  cordate,  ventricose,  posterior  side 
somewhat  angularly  depressed;  radiately  ribbed,  ribs  about  thirty- 
five  in  number,  flattened,  rather  close-set,  anterior  ribs  crenulated ; 
yellowish-brown,  painted  with  transverse  rows  of  purple-brown 
spots,  the  depressed  posterior  area  entirely  purple-brown. 

North  Carolina,  southwards. 

5.  C,  PINNULATUM,  Conrad.     Fig.  450. 

Journ.  Philad.  Acad.,  vi.  260,  t.  11,  f.  8.     1836. 

Shell  small,  thin,  and  fragile,  obliquely  orbicular;  ribs  about 
twenty-six,  flattened,  but  becoming  convex  towards  the  base, 
crossed  by  a  series  of  equidistant  flattened  scales ;  beaks  slightly 
elevated,  often  decorticated,  inclining  inwards.  Dingy  white  or 
yellowish. 

Length  12.5,  height  11  mill. 

New  England,  New  York. 


MARINE   MOLLUSCA   OP   THE   UNITED   STATES.  175 

6.  C.  ISLANDICUM,  Linnaeus.     Figs.  451,  452,  (C.  pubescens}. 

Syst.  Nat.,  edit.  xii.  1124.    1767. 

Oardium  ciliatum,  O.  Fabricius,  Faun.  Grcenl.,  410.     1780. 
Cwdium  pubescens,  Couthouy,  Bost.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist  ,  ii    60    t    3  f  6* 

(Young.) 

Shell  large  and  rather  thin,  rounded,  inflated,  nearly  equilateral. 
Beaks  prominent,  incurved,  contiguous;  anterior  dorsal  area  feebly 
impressed,  subcordate ;  surface  with  from  thirty-six  to  thirty-eight 
sharp  ribs,  which  are  covered  with  a  stiff  fringe-like  epidermis  in 
the  young  shells.  Epidermis  dull  yellowish-brown,  straw-colored 
within. 

Length  2.3,  height  2.5  inches. 

Cape  Cod,  Mass.,  northwards. 

Cardium  Hayesii  and  C.  Dawsonii  of  Stimpson  are  probably 
only  Arctic  varieties  of  this  species. 

Genus  UEVICARDIUM,  Swainson. 
Malacol.,  373.     1840. 

1.  L.  SERRATUM,  Linnaeus.     Fig.  453. 

Syst.  Nat.,  edit.  x.  680.     1758. 
C.  Icemgatum,  Gmel.,  Syst.  Nat.,  3251.     1790. 
G.  citrinum,  Wood,  Gen.  Conch.,  t.  54,  f.  3.     1817. 

Shell  ovate,  rather  gibbous  towards  the  umbones,  smooth,  shin- 
ing, anteriorly  rather  obsoletely  striated*;  whitish-yellow,  posterior 
side  bright  citron-yellow,  sometimes  stained  with  pink  towards 
the  margin,  yellowish  within. 

North  Carolina  to  West  Indies. 

2.  L.  MORTONI,  Conrad.     Figs.  454-457. 

Journ.  Philad.  Acad.,  vi.  259,  t.  11,  f.  5-7.     1831. 

Shell  small,  thin,  inflated,  globular,  slightly  oblique;  surface 
smooth,  posterior  side  somewhat  obliquely  extended ;  margin 
entire  or  obsoletely  serrated  ;  beaks  large,  tumid,  subcentral,  con- 
tiguous. Color  very  pale  yellowish,  covered  witli  a  very  thin 
darker  epidermis,  in  young  specimens  with  blotches  or  zigzag 
lines  of  dark  fawn  color ;  within  yellow,  with  generally  a  dark 
purple  blotch  along  the  posterior  margin. 

Length  (adults)  1  inch,  height  22,  breadth  17  mill. 

The  animal  is  white,  has  short,  conical  siphons,  each  marked 
with  a  circle  of  brown  spots,  and  fringed  with  numerous  cirri  which 

extend  far  beyond  the  shell. 

Whole  Coast. 


176  AMERICAN    MARINE    CONCHOLOGY. 

3.  L.  PICTUM,  Ravenel. 

Proc.  Philad.  Acad.,  44.     1861. 

Shell  ovate,  triangular,  very  oblique,  somewhat  compressed, 
smooth,  polished,  with  a  few  obsolete  ribs  at  each  end,  and 
obsoletely  waved  by  the  lines  of  growth  ;  beaks  small,,  prominent, 
nearly  touching,  very  much  in  advance  of  the  centre,  anterior  end 
short,  regularly  curved,  posterior  end  produced,  somewhat  angular. 
Color  reddish-brown  in  zigzag  spots  and  blotches  upon  a  white 
ground,  internally  polished,  reddish-brown,  clouded,  with  some 
patches  of  yellow  and  a  little  white ;  margin  crenulated. 

Length  18,  height  20  mill. 

Charleston,  S.  C. 

I  have  not  seen  this  species ;  it  is,  perhaps,  a  highly-colored 
G.  Mortoni. 

Genus  SEEEIPES,  Beck. 
Verzeich.  d.  Deutsch.  Naturf.  in  Kiel,  217. 

Aphrodite,  Lea,  Am.  Philos.  Trans,  v.     1834. 

1.  S.  GROENLANDICUS,  Chemnitz.     Fig.  458. 

(Cardium.)    Conch.  Cab.,  vi.  t.  19,  f.  198.     1782. 
Aphrodite  columba,  Lea,  Trans.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.,  v.  t.  18,  f.  54.     1834. 

Shell  large,  thick,  heart-shaped,  somewhat  compressed  ;  beaks 
submedial,  prominent,  incurved,  contiguous ;  obsoletely  radiately 
striate ;  margin  entire,  gaping  behind.  Epidermis  thin,  pale 
olivaceous  or  drab,  the  young  with  occasionally  zigzag  daukei 
lines;  within  white  or  yellowish. 

Length  2.7,  height  2.3  inches. 

Maine,  northwards. 


Family  CHAMID^E. 

Labial  palpi  small,  curved,  obliquely  truncate.  Mantle  closed, 
margins  united  by  a  fringed  curtain  ;  siphonal  orifices  small,  wide 
apart,  the  branchial  slightly  prominent,  with  the  orifice  fimbriated, 
the  anal  with  a  simple  valve  ;  gills  two  on  each  side,  unequal, 
plicate.  Foot  cylindrical,  bent.  Living  attached  to  stones  and 
rocks. 


MARINE   MOLLUSOA   OP   THE   UNITED    STATES.  17*7 

Genus  CHAMA,  Linnseus. 
Syst.  Nat.,  edit.  x.     1758. 

1.  C.  ARCINELLA,  Linnaeus.     Fig,  459,  462,  463. 

Syst.  Nat.,  edit.  xii.  1139.     1767. 

Shell  heart-shaped,  with  a  large  depressed  lunule  beneath  the 
umbones,  both  valves  radiately  ribbed,  the  ribs  spinous,  and  the 
interstices  punctured  ;  margins  very  finely  crenulated.  White  or 
yellowish,  most  frequently  stained  with  pink-red. 

North  Carolina  to  West  Indies. 

The  spines  are  generally  only  partially  developed. 

2.  C.  MACROPHYLLA,  Chemnitz.     Fig.  460. 

Conch.  Cab.,  vii.  149,  t.  52,  f.  514,  515.     1784. 

Shell  ovate,  both  valves  lamellated  throughout,  lamellae  imbri- 
cated, large,  irregular,  striated ;  margins  of  the  valves  very 
minutely  crenulated;  color  bright  yellow,  whitish  within. 

North  Carolina  to  West  Indies, 

Family  ARCADE. 

Animal  with  the  mantle  open ;  foot  large,  bent,  and  deeply 
grooved ;  gills  very  oblique,  united  posteriorly  to  a  membranous 
septum. 

Synopsis  of  Genera. 

Shell  equivalve  or  nearly  So,  oval  or  subquadrate,  ventricose,  strongly  ribbed 
or  cancellated;  margins  smooth  or  dentated,  close  or  siuuated  ventrally  • 
hinge  straight,  teeth  very  numerous,  transverse;  umbones  anterior, 
separated  by  a  flat,  lozenge-shaped  ligamental  area,  with  numerous 
cartilage-grooves.  ARCA,  Linn. 

Shell  orbicular,  nearly  equilateral,  smooth,  or  radiately  striated  ;  umbones 
central,  divided  by  a  striated  ligamental  area ;  hinge  with  a  semicircular 
row  of  transverse  teeth  ;  margins  crenate  within. 

PECTUNCULTJS,  Lam. 

Shell  trigonal,  with  the  umbones  turned  towards  the  short  posterior  side  ; 
smooth  or  sculptured ;  epidermis  olive,  interior  pearly,  margins  crenu- 
lated ;  hinge  with  a  prominent  internal  cartilage-pit,  and  a  series  of  sharp 
teeth  on  each  side:  NUCULA,  Lam. 

Shell  oblong,  rounded  in  front,  produced  and  pointed  behind ;  margin  noj, 
crenated :  pallial  line  with  a  small  sinus;  teeth  as  in  Nucula. 

LEDA,  Schum. 

12 


H8  AMERICAN   MARINE   CONCHOLOGY. 

Genus  ABCA,  Linnaeus. 
Byst.  Nat.,  edit.  x.     1758. 

The  animal  has  a  long-pointed  foot,  deeply  grooved,  and  heeled, 
mantle  furnished  with  ocelli ;  palpi  0  ;  gills  long,  narrow,  less 
striated  externally,  continuous  with  the  lips ;  hearts  two,  each 
with  an  auricle. 

The  Areas  with  close  valves  have  the  left  valve  a  little  larger 
than  the  right,  and  somewhat  overlapping  at  the  margin. 

There  are  about  two  hundred  species  ;  distribution  universal, 
ranging  from  low-water  to  230  fathoms. 

1.  A.  NO^E,  Linnaeus.     Fig.  464. 

Syst.  Nat.,  edit,  xii.  1140.     1767. 
A.  zebra,  Swainson,  Zool.  Illust.,  Nc.  26,  t.  118. 

Shell  elongately  oblong,  anterior  side  very  short,  posterior  side 
emarginate,  with  a  blunt  keel  extending  from  the  umbone  to  the 
margin ;  ventral  margin  more  or  less  gaping ;  white,  with  waved 
brownish  streaks  ;  radiately  ribbed  ;  ligament  area  flatly  concave. 

North  Carolina  to  West  Indies.     (Medifr) 

2.  A.  PONDEROSA,  Say.     Fig.  467. 

Journ.  Philad.  Acad.,  ii.  267.     1822. 

Shell  very  thick  and  ponderous,  somewhat  oblique,  with  25  to 
28  ribs,  each  marked  with  an  impressed  line.  Beaks  distant,  op- 
posite the  middle  of  the  hinge ;  lower  margin  nearly  straight  or 
even  somewhat  contracted  in  the  middle. 

Length  2.5,  height  2  inches. 

Southern  Coast. 

Fossil  valves  of  this  species  sometimes  occur  on  the  beach  at 
Cape  May  and  Atlantic  City,  N.  J. 

3.  A.  TRANSVERSA,  Say.     Fig.  465. 

Journ.  Phil.  Acad.,  ii.  269.     1822. 

Shell  transversely  oblong,  rhomboidal,  with  from  32  to  35  ribs, 
umbones  separated  by  a  long  narrow  area;  extremities  of  the  hinge 
margin  angulated ;  epidermis  chestnut-brown. 
Length  30,  height  8.5  mill. 

New  England,  New  York,  southwards. 

4.  A.  LIENOSA,  Say.     Fig.  469. 

Am.  Conch.,  iv.  t.  36,  f.  1.     1832. 

This  shell  is  described  as  fossil,  and  worn  (probably  fossil) 
valves  are  found  abundantly  at  Beaufort,  N.  C.  It  is  admitted 


MARINE   MOLLUSC  A   OP   THE   UNITED   STATES.  179 

here,  because  Dr.  Stimpson  has  included  it  in  his  check-list  of 
recent  species,  yet  I  suspect  that  it  has  not  been  found  living. 

5.  A.  PEXATA,  Sa}'.     Fig.  466. 

Journ.  Philad.  Acad.,  ii.  268.     1822. 

Shell  covered  (when  fresh)  with  a  hairy  epidermis,  transversely 
subovate,  with  from  32  to  36  ribs,  placed  closer  together  than  their 
own  diameters ;  beaks  far  forward,  near  the  anterior  termination 
of  the  hinge  approximate. 
Length  57,  height  43  mill. 

Rhode  Island^  southwards. 

6.  A.  AMERICANA,  Gray.     Fig.  470. 

Wood,  Index  Test.  Suppl.,  t.  2,  f.  1. 

Shell  ovately  oblong,  sides  rounded,  the  anterior  vei*3T  short 
and  contracted  ;  white,  covered  with  a  rather  thick  blackish-brown 
epidermis,  which  is  bristly  in  the  interstices  between  the  ribs ;  ribs 
about  35  in  number,  each  one  with  a  median  impressed  line,  inter- 
stices deeply  cut ;  ligament  area  very  narrow ;  umbones  anterior, 

nearly  touching. 

North  Carolina  to  West  Indies. 

This  shell  is  allied  to  A.  pexata,  but  is  somewhat  larger,  more 
oblong  in  shape,  and  the  ribs  are  generally  impressed.  Mr.  Reeve 
says  (Conch.  Icon.)  that  the  ribs  of  Americana  are  flat,  while 
those  of  pexata  are  impressed  in  the  middle,  but  the  contrary  is 
the  case  in  nearly  all  the  specimens  I  have  examined. 

7.  A.  HOLMESII,  Kurtz.     Fig.  471. 

Cat.  Mar.  Shells,  5.     1860. 

Distinguished  from  the  two  preceding  species  by  its  smaller 
size,  and  more  inflated  and  globular  form ;  it  is  also  more  solid. 

Inhabits  estuaries  (Kurtz). 

N.  and  S.  Carolina. 

8.  A.  INCONGRUA,  Say.     Fig.  472. 

Journ.  Philad.  Acad.,  ii.  268,  July,  1822. 

Shell  'somewhat  squarely  orbicular,  rather  thin,  very  inequi- 
valve,  sides  angulated  at  the  upper  part,  anterior  side  the  longest ; 
white,  with  a  thin  light  brown  epidermis  ;  ribs  27  or  28  in  number, 
in  the  left  valve  the  anterior  ones  are  elevately  crenated,  in  the 
right  valve  they  are  all  crenated;  ribs  of  the  left  value  rather 
broader  than  those  of  the  right ;  ligament  area  rather  wide ;  urn- 
bones  somewhat  approximating. 

Length  2-f ,  height  2  inches. 

N.  Carolina  to  W.  Indies. 


180  AMERICAN   MARINE   CONCHOLOGY. 

Genus  PECTUNCULTJS,  Lam. 
Syst.  115.     1801. 

Animal  with  a  large  crescent-shaped  foot,  margins  of  the  sole 
undulated  ;  mantle  open  ;  margins  simple,  with  minute  ocelli ;  gills 
equal,  lips  continuous  with  the  gills. 

About  sixty  species  known,  ranging  from  8  to  over  100  fathoms. 

1.  P.  PENNACEUS,  Lamarck.     Fig.  413. 

Anim.  sans  Vert. 

P.  lineatus,  Keeve  Zool.  Proc.     1843. 
P.  spadiceus,  Reeve,  Zool.  Proc.     1843. 

Shell  orbicular,  swollen,  decussately  striated,  longitudinal  striae 
the  strongest;  whitish,  irregularly  painted  with  large  and  small 
dark-brown  spots  and  streaks ;  umbones  bent  inwards  to  the  an- 
terior end  of  the  ligament. 

jZV.  Carolina  to  West  Indies. 

This  shell  has  been  doubtfully  referred  by  some  conchologists 
to  P.  Charlestoniensis,  a  post-pliocene  fossil  of  S.  Carolina. 

Genus  NTJCULA,  Lamarck. 
Syst.  115.     1801. 

Animal  with  the  mantle  open,  its  margins  plain;  foot  large, 
deeply  fissured  in  front,  forming  when  expanded  a  disk  with  ser- 
rated margins;  mouth  and  lips  minute,  palpi  very  large,  rounded, 
strongly  plaited  inside,  and  furnished  with  a  long  convoluted  ap- 
pendage ;  gills  small,  plume-like,  united  behind  the  foot  to  the 
branchial  septum. 

Distribution  about  70  species,  from  5  to  100  fathoms. 

1.  N.  TENTHS,  Montagu.     Fig.  478. 

Test.  Brit..Suppl.  56,  t.  29,  f.  1.     1808. 

Shell  small,  thin,  trapezoidal ;  smooth,  without  radiating  lines  ; 
beaks  prominent ;  epidermis  grass-green  ;  inner  margin  entire. 

Length  7.5,  height  6.25  mill. 

Maine,  northwards.     (Eur.) 

2.  N.  PROXIMA,  Say.     Figs.  479,  480. 

Journ.  Philad.  Acad.,  ii.  270.     1822. 
Area  nucleus,  Linn  (part).     Syst.  Nat.,  edit.  xii.     1143. 

Shell  oblique,  ovate-triangular,  crossed  by  minute  concentric 
and  radiating  lines;   epidermis   olivaceous;    margin   crenulated; 
hinge-teeth  large,  twelve  before  and  eighteen  behind  the  beaks. 
Length- 11,  height  9  mill. 

Whole  Coast,  southwards  to  N.  Car.     (Eur.) 


MARINE   MOLLUSCA   OP   THE   UNITED   STATES.  181 

3.  N.  EXPANSA,  Reeve.     Figs.  481,  482. 

Belcher's  Arctic  Voy.  397,  t.  33,  f.  2.     1855. 
N.  Bellotii,  Adams,  Zool.  Proc.  51.     1856. 

Sliell^ large,  ovate-triangular,  tumid,  the  surface  distinctly  nu- 
cleated wiih  ridges,  both  dorsal  areas  with  fine  radiating  strife; 
ten  teeth  in  front  and  fifteen  behind  the  beaks.  Dark  chestnut 
colored. 

Length  14,  height  9  mill. 

Canadian  waters,  northward.     (  Eur. ) 
This  may  be  only  a  very  large  flourishing  state  of  N.  tennis. 

4.  N.  INFLATA,  Hancock.     Figs.  483,  484. 

Ann.  Nat.  Hist.  333,  t.  5,  f.  13,  14.     1846. 

Shell  trapeziform,  inflated,  thin,  coarsely  concentrically  striate ; 
interior  margin  simple ;  hinge  with  five  teeth  before  and  ten 
behind  the  large  oblique  ligament  cavity ;  epidermis  yellowish- 
green. 

Length  7.5,  height  6.25  mill. 

Labrador,  northwards. 

5.  N.  DELPHINODONTA,  Mighels.     Figs.  485-487. 

Bost.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.,  iv.  40,  t.  4,  f.  5.     1842. 

Shell  minute,  obliquely  triangular,  beaks  raised,  nearly  terminal ; 
hinge  with  three  anterior  and  seven  posterior  teeth  ;  epidermis 
olivaceous. 

Length  3.25,  height  2.75  mill. 

New  England,  northwards. 

Undetermined  Species. 

N.  EADIATA,  De  Kay.     Moll'.  N.  York  179,  t.  12,  f.  21G.     1843. 
Dredged  in  E.  River,  N.  Y.     The  figure  is  not  recognizable. 

Genus  LEDA,  Schumacher. 
Essai  Nov.  Syst.     1817. 

The  animal  is  furnished  with  two  partially  united,  slender,  un- 
equal siphoual  tubes;  gills  narrow,  plume-like,  deeply  laminated, 
attached  throughout;  mantle-margin  with  small  ventral  lobes, 
forming  by  their  apposition  a  third  siphon. 

The  typical  group  comprises  about  80  species,  inhabiting  Arctic 
and  northern  seas,  10  to  180  fathoms. 

1.  L.  TENUISULCATA,  Couthouy.     Figs.  488,  489. 

(Nucula.)     Bost.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.,  ii.  64,  t.  3,  f.  8.     1838. 
Nucula  minuta,  Gould,  Invert.  Mass.,  edit.  i.  101.     1841. 

Shell  ovate-lanceolate,  produced,  narrowed  and  rostrated  behind, 


182  AMERICAN   MARINE   CONCHOLOGY. 

covered  with  numerous  concentric  ridges ;  epidermis  greenish- 
yellow  to  brownish ;  teeth  twelve  anterior  and  sixteen  posterior 
to  the  beaks. 

Length  25,  height  11  mill. 

New  England,  northwards. 

2.  L.  JACKSONII,  Gould.     Figs.  490,  491. 

(Nueula.)     Invert.  Mass.,  edit.  i.  102,  f.  5.     1841. 
Leda  buccata,  Steenstrup,  Moller,  Moll.  Grcenl.  17.     1843. 

Shell  ovate,  swollen,  a  little  beaked  and  narrowed  behind,  sur- 
face concentrically  ridged ;  teeth  15  in  front  and  20  behind  the 
beaks. 

Length  25,  height  14  mill. 

Maine,  northwards. 

This  shell  is  higher  in  proportion  to  its  length,  and  not  so  nar- 
rowly rostrated  as  L.  tenuisulcata ;  it  differs  also  in  the  number 
and  arrangement  of  the  teeth. 

3.  L.  MINUTA,  Fabricius.     Figs.  492,  493. 

(Area.)     Fauna  Groenl.  414.     1780. 

Shell  oblong,  inflated,  somewhat  pear-shaped,  posterior  side  not 
much  produced;  brownish;  12  teeth  before  and  about  14  behind 
the  beaks. 

Length  12.5,  height  7.5  mill. 

Halifax,  N.  8. 

More  nearly  equilateral  than  the  other  species. 

4.  L.  CAUDATA,  Donov.     Figs.  494,  495. 

(Area.)     Brit.  Shells,  t.  78. 

Shell  long,  depressed,  slender  ;  epidermis  yellowish,  ridged. 
Length  15,  height  6.25  mill. 

Halifax,  northwards. 

Smaller  than  tenuisulcata,  and  more  recurved  posteriorly ;  the 
beaks  also  are  more  acute  and  less  tumid. 

5.  L.  ACUTA,  Conrad.     Fig.  496. 

(Nucula.)    Am.  Mar.  Conch.,  t.  6,  f.  3. 

Shell  ovate,  elongated,  convex,  with  numerous,  regular,  concen- 
tric striae ;  posterior  side  slightly  recurved,  and  very  acute  at  the 
extremity  ;  epidermis  dark  green. 
Length  6,  height  4  mill. 

North  Carolina. 

This  species  was  first  described  by  Mr.  Conrad  as  a  doubtful 
fossil;  it  lives  abundantly  near  Fort  Macon,  N.  C. 


MARINE    MOLLUSCA   OP    THE    UNITED    STATES.  183 

6.  L.  UNCA,  Gould. 

Bost.  Proc.,  viii.  280.     1862. 

Shell   small,    reddish,   subequilateral,    covered   with    profound 
ridges  ;  anteriorly  broadly  rounded  ;  posteriorly  very  acute  ;  pos- 
terior dorsal  margin  concave,  cristate,  smooth  ;  posterior  ventral 
margin  sub-emarginate  ;  teeth  12  to  15. 
Length  8,  height  6  mill. 

Frying-pan  Shoals,  N.  C. 

I  have  not  seen  this  species,  and  it  has  never  been  figured. 
From  the  description,  I  think  it  possibly  identical  with  acuta, 
Conr. 

Subgenus  YOLDIA,  Moller. 
Kroyer's  Naturh.  Tidsskr.,  iv.  91.     1832. 

Shell  oblong,  slightly  attenuated  behind,  compressed,  thin, 
smooth,  or  obliquely  sculptured,  with  a  polished  epidermis;  pallial 
sinus  deep. 

1.  L.  LIMATULA,  Say.    Fig.  497. 

(Nucula.)     Ain.  Conch.,  t.  12,  1831. 

Shell  ovate-oblong,  slightly  rostrated  posteriorly;  epidermis 
light  green  ;  beaks  not  prominent,  subcentral  ;  with  22  anterior 
and  18  posterior  teeth. 

Animal  with  united  siphons,  the  anal  one  translucent,  the 
branchial  opaque  white,  both  fringed  at  the  openings;  edges  of 
foot  lobes  simple. 

Length  51.5,  height  27.5  mill. 

New  England  (northwards},  N.  Car. 

The  above  dimensions,  from  specimens  dredged  in  Portland 
Harbor,  Maine,  are  about  double  the  size  of  ordinary  specimens. 
The  animal  is  said  to  be  very  active,  leaping  to  an  astonishing 
height. 

2.  L.  SAPOTILLA,  Gould.     Fig.  498. 

(Nucula.)     Invert.  Mass.  100,  f.  61.     1841. 

Shell  ovate-oblong,  very  slightly  rostrated  posteriorly;  epi- 
dermis light  yellowish-green;  beaks  subcentral,  tumid,  with  a 
slight  flexure  under  the  posterior  tip  ;  teeth  sixteen  or  eighteen  on 
each  side. 

Length  22.5,  height  10  mill. 


Probably  only  a  variety  of  L.  limatula. 


184  AMERICAN    MARINE   CONCHOLOGY. 

3.  L.  MYALIS,  Couthouy.     Fig.  499. 

(Nucula.)     Bost.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.,  ii.  61,  t.  3,  f.  7.     1838. 
Shell  ovate,  smooth,  olive-colored ;  anterior  part  longest  and 
rounded  ;  posteriorly  acuminated  and  sub-rostrated  ;  teeth  about 
12  on  each  side,  sometimes  increased  to  16  or  18  in  number. 
Length  27.5,  height  17.5  mill. 

New  England,  northwards. 

This  shell  is  higher  in  proportion  to  its  width,  and  darker 
colored  than  L.  limatula ;  it  also  differs  in  the  position  of  the 
beaks  and  number  of  teeth. 

4.  L.  OBESA,  Stimpson.     Figs.  500,  501. 

Proc.  Bost.  Nat.  Hist.,  iv.  13.     1851. 

Shell  small,  thin,  inflated,  oval,  smooth  ;  beaks  nearly  central; 
teeth  small,  10  in  front  and  12  behind ;  epidermis  pale  yellowish- 
green. 

Length  6,  height  4  mill. 

(Deep-water.)     MassacJiusetts  Bay. 

Closely  allied  to  Yoldia  pygmsea,  Miinst.,  but  that  shell  is  more 
pointed  and  upturned  at  the  posterior  end. 

5.  L.  ARCTICA,  Gray.     Figs.  502,  503. 

Nucula  glacialis,  Gray,  Wood  Index  Test.  Suppl.,  t.  2,  f.  6. 
Nucula  truncate,  Brown,  Brit.  Conch.  84,  t.  33,  f.  18. 
Nucula  Portlandica,  Hitchcock,  Bost.  Journ.,  i.  327. 
Nucula  siliqua,  Reeve,  Belcher's  Arctic  Voy.,  t.  33,  f.  4.     1855. 

Shell  oblong,  ovate,  ventricose;  beaks  prominent,  nearly  me- 
dian ;  posteriorly  sulcate  between  two  slight  rounded  elevations 
from  beak  to  margin;  12  to  14  teeth  each  side  of  the  ligamental 
spoon. 

Length  20,  height  12.5  mill. 

(Semi-fossil  in  the  clays  at  Portland.)     Arctic  Seas. 

6.  L.  THRACI^EFORMIS,  Storer.     Fig.  504. 

(Nucula.)     Bost.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.,  ii.  122. 
Nucula  namcularis,  Couthouy,  Bost.  Journ.,  ii.  178,  t.  4,  f.  4  (young). 

Shell  subquadrate,  rounded  in  front,  truncately  rounded  behind  ; 
beaks  anterior,  with  a  slight  elevation  or  rib  proceeding  to  basal 
posterior   margin;    epidermis    dusky-green,    lighter   posteriorly; 
hinge  with  12  teeth  each  side  of  the  spoon-shaped  cavity. 
Length  70,  height  40  mill. 

New  England?    Arctic.     (From fishes.) 


MARINE   MOLLUSCA   OF  THE   UNITED   STATES.  185 

7.  L.  CASCOENSIS,  Mighels.    Figs.  505-7. 

(Nucula.)    Bost.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.,  40,  t.  4,  f.  6. 
Shell  ovate,  rather  thin,  finely  striate,  slightly  inequilateral; 
anterior  side  semi  oval ;  posterior  side  tapering  nearly  to  a  point,- 
with  a  well-defined  areola,  sharply  compressed,  with  a  slight  wave 
below  the  areola;  epidermis  greenish  straw-color;  beaks  small, 
nearly  central ;  teeth  small,  10  anterior  and  10  or  12  posterior. 
Length  15,  height  9  mill. 

Casco  Bay,  Maine. 

Family  MYTILID^E. 

Animal  marine  (or  sometimes,  fluviatile),  attached  by  a  byssus ; 
mantle-lobes  united  between  the  siphonal  openings;  gills  two  on 
each  side,  elongated,  and  united  behind  to  each  other  and  to  the 
mantle  ;  dorsal  margins  of  the  outer  and  innermost  laminae  free ; 
foot  cylindrical,  grooved. 

Synopsis  of  Genera. 

Shell  wedge-shaped,  rounded  behind,  umbones  terminal,  pointed  ;  hinge- 
teeth  minute  or  obsolete  ;  pedal  muscular  impressions  two  in  each  valve, 
small,  simple,  close  to  the  adductors.  MTTILUS,  Linn. 

Shell  oblong,  inflated  in  front ;  umbones  anterior,  obtuse  ;  hinge  toothless ; 
pedal  impressions  three  in  each  valve,  the  central  elongated  ;  epidermis 
sometimes  produced  into  long  beard-like  fringes.  MODIOLA,  Lam. 

Shell  cylindrical,  interior  nacreous ;  otherwise  like  Modiola. 

LlTHODOMUS,*  CUV. 

Shell  short,  ovate,  partly  smooth,  and  partly  ornamented  with  radiating 
striae  ;  hinge  margin  crenulated  behind  the  ligament ;  interior  brilliantly 
nacreous.  CRENELLA,  Brown. 

Shell  ovate,  oblong,  obtusely  keeled  right  valve  with  a  slight  byssal  sinus  ; 
beaks  terminal,  furnished  internally  with  a  transverse  shelf  or  septum ; 
hinge  composed  of  an  imperfectly  developed  cardinal  tooth  in  the  right 
valve,  with  a  corresponding  socket  in  the  left ;  ligament  linear,  internal ; 
pedal  impression  single,  posterior.  Fluviatile. 

DREISSENA,  Van  Beneden. 

Genus  MYTILTTS,  Linnaeus. 
Syst.  Nat.,  edit,  x.,  705.     1758. 

The  common  edible  mussel  frequents  mud-banks  which  are  un- 
covered at  low  water ;  the  fry  abound  in  water  a  few  fathoms 
deep ;  they  are  full-grown  in  a  single  year.  Pieces  of  wreck  are 
frequently  covered  by  mussels  of  all  ages,  attached  by  their  byssus. 

There  are  about  sixty-five. species,  of  world-wide  distribution. 


186  AMERICAN    MARINE    CONCHOLOGY. 

1.  M.  EDULIS,  Linnaeus.     Figs.  4  7. 4-47  T. 

Syst.  Nat.,  edit,  xii.,  1157.     1757. 

M.  pelluddus,  Pennant,  Brit.  Zool.,  iv.  237,  t.  66,  f.  3.     1777. 
M.  notatus,  DeKay,  Nat.  Hist.,  N.  York,  182,  t.  13,  f.  223.     1843. 

Shell  ovate,  oblong,  beaks  pointed,  basal  margin  nearly  straight, 
ligament  margin  straight ;  posteriorly  widened  and  rounded ; 
hinge  with  a  few  denticulations ;  epidermis  dark-bluish,  smooth, 
violet  beneath  ;  within  white,  with  a  broad  blue  margin. 

VAR.  pellucidus,  shell  horn-color,  with  blue  rays,  or  uniform 
horn-color. 

Length  60,  height  32.5  mill. 

Whole  Coast.     (Eur.) 

2.  M.  EXUSTUS,  Linnaeus.     Fig.  508. 

Mus.  Ulric.,  540. 
M.  culitus,  Say,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  ii.  263.     1822. 

Shell  oblong,  striated,  with  elevated  subglabrous  lines,  which 
are  smaller  on  the  anterior  side.  Yellowish,  sometimes  blotched 
with  green  or  brownish. 

Length  28,  height  12.5  mill. 

Southern  Coast,  West  Indies. 

3.  M.  HAMATUS,  Say.     Fig.  509. 

Jonrn.  Philad.  Acad.,  ii.  264.     1822. 
M.  striatus,  Barnes,  Am.  Joifrn.  Sci.,  vi.  364.     1823. 

Shell  very  much  contracted  and  incurved  on  the  basal  margin ; 
valves  very  much  striated  on  every  part  with  radiating  elevated 
lines,  which  sometimes  become  bifid  or  trifid ;  color  dark  fuscous ; 
within  purplish. 

Length  28,  height  20  mill. 

Southern  Coast,  W.  Indies. 

Genus  MODIOLA,  Lamarck. 
Syst,,  113.     1801. 

1.  M.  MODIOLUS,  Linnaeus.     Figs.  510,  511. 

(Mytilus.)     Syst.  Nat.,  edit,  xii.,  1158. 
M.  papuana,  Lam.,  Anim.  s.  Vert.,  vii.  17. 
Mytilus  barbatus,  Linn.,  Syst.  Nat.,  xii.  1158  (young). 

Shell  large,  coarse,  and  solid,  oblong,  obliquety  dilated;  beaks 
tumid,  obtusely  angulated ;  basal  margin  concave,  with  a  fissure 
for  the  byssus  ;  surface  coarsely  marked  "by  growth-lines  ;  epider- 


MARINE    MOLLUSCA   OP   THE    UNITED   STATES.  187 

mis  thick,  dark  violaceous,  blackish,  or  chestnut-brown;  within 
pearly. 

Length  4.5-6,  height  2.5-3  inches. 

Animal  dark-orange  or  reddish  ;  edible. 

Northern  Coast,  northwards.     (Eur.) 

2.  M.  PLICATULA,  Lamarck.     Fig.  512. 

Anim.  s.  Vert.,  vii.  22.     1822. 
M.  semicostata,  Cour.,  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.,  vii.  244,  t.  20,  f.  7. 

Shell  oblong,  obliquely  dilated,  somewhat  falciform;  surface 
with  approximated  deep  furrows  radiating  towards  the  dilated 
margin,  fainter  on  the  basal  margin,  but  more  distinct  near  the 
beaks,  which  are  often  eroded  ;  a  few  distant,  concentric,  narrow, 
impressed  lines  cross  the  radiating  striae;  beaks  prominent, 
rounded;  hinge  margin  straight, ascending;  basal  margin  concave, 
depressed,  with  a  small  fissure  for  the  byssus.  Epidermis  greenish- 
yellow  to  reddish-brown ;  within  pearly,  occasionally  purple- 
tinted. 

Length  2.5-4.5,  height  .8-1.5  inches. 

Whole  Coast. 

Inhabits  salt  marshes,  estuaries,  and  brackish  waters. 

3.  M.  TULIPA,  Linnaeus.     Fig.  514. 

Modiola  Americana,  Leach.,  Zool.  Misc.,  ii.  t.  72,  f.  1.     1815. 
Modiola  castanea,  Say,  Journ.  Philad.  Acad.,  ii.  266.     1822. 

Shell  oblong,  rather  thin,  ventricose;  hinge  margin  elevated  in 
a  right  line  from  the  beak  to  the  alated  angle,  from  which  it  de- 
clines in  a  right  line  to  nearty  an  equal  distance,  the  alar  angle 
rounded  ;  anterior  margin  short  and  small;  basal  margin  slightly 
contracted  in  the  middle.  Epidermis  marked  only  by  growth 
lines,  yellowish  or  brownish,  with  dark  rays  over  the  middle  pos- 
.terior  portion,  sometimes  uniform  chestnut-color. 

Southern  Coast.     (  W.  Ind. ) 

M.  castanea  appears  in  some  catalogues  as  a  distinct  species, 
but  an  author's  specimen  in  Mus.  Philad.  Acad.  proves  its 
identity  with  tulipa. 

4.  M.  CAROLINENSIS,  Conrad.     Fig.  513. 

Journ.  Philad.  Acad.,  vii.  244,  t.  20,  f.  6.     1837. 

Shell  dilated  in  the  middle;  disks  with  very  numerous  radiating 
stride  ;  lower  margin  rounded  and  beautifully  crenulate.  Color 
greenish-yellow  ;  within  yellowish,  spotted  with  purple. 

Charleston,  S.  C. 


188  AMERICAN    MARINE    CONCHOLOGY 

The  figure  ia  &  copy  of  the  original.  I  have  not  been  able  to 
identify  this  species. 

Genus  LITHODOMUS,  Cuvier. 
Reg.  Anim.,  ii.  461.     1817. 

The  animal,  which  is  eaten  in  the  Mediterranean,  is  like  a  com- 
mon mussel;  but  differs  in  habit,  boring  into  corals,  shells,  and 
the  hardest  limestone  rocks;  its  burrows  are  shaped  like  the  shell, 
and  do  not  admit  of  free  rotatory  motion.  The  genus  inhabits 
warm  seas. 

1.  L.  FORFICATUS,  Ravenel. 

Proc.  Philad.  Acad.,  44.     1861. 

Shell  thin,  fragile,  white  ;  posterior  end  with  a  narrow  projec- 
tion  on  each  valve,  deflected  so  as  to  cross  each  other ;  within 
light  salmon  color. 
Length  31  mill. 

Charleston,  S.  G. 

From  a  mass  of  coral  drawn  up  by  a  fishing  line,  in  14  fathoms 
off  Charleston  Bar.  There  was  quite  a  colony  of  these  shells  in 
the  coral.  Possibly  ballast  from  some  distant  locality  ?  A 
similar  species  inhabits  the  Caribbean  Sea. 

Genus  CRENELLA,  Brown. 
Hist.  Brit.  Conch.     1837. 

There  are  about  25  species  of  this  genus,  inhabiting  temperate 
and  arctic  seas.  Low  water  to  40  fathoms.  Spinning  a  nest,  or 
hiding  amongst  the  roots  of  sea-weed  and  corallines. 

a.  Typical  species.  Surface  of  valves  entirely  covered  by  striae, 
radiating  in  two-diverging  fasciculi  from  the  beaks.  Shell  sub- 
orbicular  or  oval. 

1.  C.  GLANDULA,  Totten.     Fig.  515. 

(Modiola.)     Am.  Journ.  Sci.,  xxvi.  367,  f.  3,  e.  f.  g. 
Mytilus  decussatus,  Stimpson,  Shells  N.  E.,  ii.     1851. 

Shell  oblique,  oval,  orbicular,  inflated,  thin,  radiating  lines 
crowded  ;  inner  margin  crenulated  ;  epidermis  brownish-yellow  ; 
within  pearly. 

Length  12,  breadth  9  mill. 

New  Ifingland,  northwards. 


MARINE    MOLLUSCA    OF   THE    UNITED    STATES.  189 

2.  C.  PABA,  Fabricius.     Fig.  516. 

(Mytilus.)    Fauna  Groenl.     1780. 
Modiola  pectinula,  Gould,  Invert.  Mass.,  1st  edit.  127,  t.  85. 

Shell  obovate,  ventricose,  with  about  forty  equal  radiating 
ribs  ;  beaks  prominent,  projecting  as  far  as  the  anterior  margin ; 
margin  crenulated  within  ;  epidermis  brownish-yellow. 

Length  17.5,  breadth  12.5  mill. 

Arctic  Seas  to  Greenland. 

b.  Sides  of  the  shell  with  radiating  lines,  middle  portion  smooth. 
S.  G.  MODIOLARIA,  Gra}'. 

3.  C.  NIGRA,  King.     Figs.  517,  518,  519. 

Ann.  Nat.  Hist.,  xviii.  239. 

Mytilus  discrepans  (?)  Mont.,  Test.  Brit.  Suppl.,  65,  t;  26,  f.  4. 
Modiola  nexa,  Gould,  Invert.  Mass.,  1st  edit.  128,  f.  86 

Shell  ovate ;  beaks  prominent,  and  placed  considerably  behind 
the  anterior  extremity;  epidermis  rusty-brown. 

Length  2.5,  breadth  1.5  inches. 

Massachusetts,  northwards. 

The  young  shell  (Fig.  518),  represents  M.  nexa,  Gould. 

4.  C.  DISCORS,  Linnaeus.     Figs.  520,  521. 

(Mytilus.)     Syst.  Nat.,  edit.  xii.  1159.     1767. 
Mytilus  discrepans,  Mont.,  Test.  Brit.,  169.     1803. 
Modiola  Icevigata,  Gray,  App.  Parry's  2d  Voyage,  245.     1824. 

Shell  suboval,  broadest  behind;  beaks  nearly  terminal ;  hinder 
extremity  somewhat  lobed ;  anterior  ribs  about  eight ;  posterior 
ones  numerous;  greenish-yellow,  with  clouds  of  olive,  becoming 
nearly  bla*ck  in  old  specimens. 

Length  37,  breadth  20  mill. 

Massachusetts,  northwards.     (Eur.) 

The  smaller  figure  represents  discors  (not  fully  grown),  and  the 
large  figure  is  from  an  adult  specimen  (Gray*s  Isevigata). 

5.  C.  CORRUGATA,  Stimpson.     Fig.  522. 

(Mytilus.)     Shells  N.  E.,  12.     1851. 

Modiola  discors,  Gould,  Invert.  Mass.,  130,  f.  84  (not  of  English  authors.) 
Shell  oval,  tumid;  upper  edge  somewhat  compressed  and  arch- 
ing; posterior  tip  somewhat  produced  and  pointed  ;  beaks  large, 
nearly  terminal ;  surface  with  about  sixteen  ribs  at  the  anterior 
third,  and  very  numerous  ones  at  the  posterior  third ;  three  or 
four  teeth  before  the  beaks;  epidermis  greenish-yellow. 

Massachusetts,  northwards. 


190  AMERICAN   MARINE   CONCHOLOGY. 

This  species  will  probably  prove  to  be  a  mere  variety  of  the 
following. 

6.  C.  LATERALIS,  Say.     Fig.  523. 

(Mytilus.)     Journ.  Philad.  Acad.,  ii.  264.     1822. 

Shell  transversely  suboval,  inflated,  subpellucid,  with  numerous 
concentric  wrinkles;  ribs  alternately  larger  and  smaller;  shell 
inflated  from  the  beak  to  the  posterior  basal  angle ;  epidermis 
greenish  or  brownish. 

Southern  Coast. 

Genus  DREISSENA,  Van  Beneden. 
Bull.  Brux.  Acad.,  25.     1835. 

Animal  with  closed  mantle ;  byssal  orifice  small,  and  siphon 
very  small,  conical,  plain,  branchial  prominent,  fringed  inside ; 
palpi  small,  triangular. 

Inhabits  brackish  or  fresh  waters. 

1.  D.  LEUCOPH^ETA,  Conrad.     Fig.  524. 

(Mytilus.)     Journ.  Philad.  Acad.,  vi.  263,  t.  11,  f.  13.     1831. 

Shell  incurved,  with  a  very  rugose,  brownish  epidermis ;  anterior 
side  much  depressed.  Hinge. margins  excavated,  with  the  teeth 
obsolete. 

Chesapeake  Bay,  southwards.     (Brackish  water.) 

Family  AVICULID^E. 

Animal  with  the  mantle-lobes  free,  their  margins  fringed ;  foot 
small,  spinning  a  byssus;  gills  two  on  each  side,  crescent-shaped, 
entirely  free,  or  united  to  each  other  posteriorly  or  to  the  mantle. 

These  shells  are  natives  of  tropical  and  warm  seas ;  no  living 
species  are  found  in  northern  latitudes. 

Synopsis  of  Genera. 

Shell  obliquely  oval,  very  inequivalve ;  right  valve  with  a  byssal  sinus 
beneath  the  anterior  ear  ;  cartilage  pit  single,  oblique  ;  hinge  with  one  or 
two  small  cardinal  teeth,  and  an  elongated  posterior  tooth,  often  obsolete  ; 

.  posterior  muscular  impression  (adductor  and  pedal)  large,  sub-central ; 
anterior  (pedal)  scar  small,  umbonal.  AVICULA,  Brug. 

Shell  equivalve,  wedge-shaped ;  umbones  quite  anterior ;  posterior  side 
truncated  and  gaping  ;  ligamental  groove  linear,  elongated  ;  hinge  eden- 
tulous ;  anterior  adductor  scar  apical,  posterior  sub-central,  large,  ill- 
defined  ;  pedal  scar  in  front  of  posterior  adductor.  PINNA,  Linn. 


MARINE    MOLLUSCA    OP   THE   UNITED   STATES.  191 

Genus  AVICTJLA,  Brug. 
Encyc.  Metk.,  t.  177.     1792. 

1.  A.  ATLANTICA,  Lamarck.     Fig.  525. 

Anim.  s.  Vert.,  vii.     1822. 
Avicula  hirundo,  Say.     Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philad.,  ii.  262.     1822. 

Shell  reddish-brown,  with  very  numerous  undulated  wrinkles, 
which  are  disposed  in  radii  and  rendered  more  conspicuous  by  a 
white  longitudinal  line  at  the  junction  of  each  series  of  wrinkles 
with  its  contiguous  one. 

North  Carolina,  southwards. 

Genus  PINNA,  Linnaeus. 
Syst.  Nat.,  edit.  x.  707.      1758. 

Animal  with  the  mantle  doubly  fringed;  foot  elongated,  grooved, 
spinning  a  powerful  byssus  attached  by  large  triple  muscles  to  the 
centre  of  each  valve  ;  adductors  both  large;  palpi  elongated;  gills 
long. 

1.  P.  SEMINUDA,  Lamarck.     Fig.  526. 

Anim.  sans  Vert.,  vii.  61.     1822. 
P.  squamosissima,  Philippi. 

Shell  triangular,  truncated ;  posterior  side  longitudinally  ribbed, 
many  scaled,  scales  delicate,  erect;  anterior  side  with  the  scales 
plentiful,  minute,  rather  obsolete  towards  the  umbones,  with  a  few 
large,  concentric  wrinkles,  dull  olive. 

South  Carolina,  southwards. 

2.  P.  MURICATA,  Linnaeus.     Fig.  527. 

Syst.  Nat.,  edit.  xii.  1160.     1767. 
P.  Carolinensis,  Hanley.     Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  225.     1858. 

Shell  triangular,  whitish,  somewhat  ventricose,  obscurely  ribbed, 
ribs  armed  with  triangular,  erect  scales. 

South  Carolina,  soutJiwards. 

Family  OSTRJEID^E. 

Synopsis  of  Genera. 

Shell  irregular,  attached  by  the  left  valve ;  upper  valve  flat  or  concave, 
often  plain ;  lower  valve  convex,  often  plaited  or  foliaceous,  and  with  a 
prominent  beak.;  ligamental  cavity  triangular  or  elongated  ;  hinge  tooth- 
less ;  structure  subnacreous,  laminated.  OSTREA,  Linnaeus. 


192  AMERICAN    MARINE    CONCHOLOGY. 

Shell  orbicular,  very  variable,  translucent,  and  slightly  pearly  within,  at- 
tached by  a  plug  passing  through  a  hole  or  notch  in  the  right  valve  ; 
upper  valve  convex,  smooth,  lamellar  or  striated  ;  interior  with  a  sub- 
marginal  cartilage-pit  and  four  muscular  impressions,  three  subcentral, 
and  one  in  front  of  the  cartilage  ;  lower  valve  concave,  with  a  deep 
rounded  notch  in  front  of  the  cartilage  process  ;  disk  with  a  single  (ad- 
ductor) impression.  ANOMIA,  Linnaeus. 

Shell  suborbicular,  regular,  resting  on  the  right  valve,  usually  ornamented  » 
with  radiating  ribs  ;  beaks  approximate,  eared  ;  anterior  ears  most  prom- 
inent ;  posterior  side  a  little  oblique  ;  right  valve  most  convex,  with  a 
notch  below  the  front  ear ;  hinge-margins  straight,  united  by  a  narrow 
ligament ;  cartilage  internal,  in  a  central  pit ;  adductor  impression  double, 
obscure ;  pedal  impression  only  in  the  left  valve,  or  obsolete. 

PECTEN,  Miiller. 

Shell  equivalve,  compressed,  obliquely  oval ;  anterior  side  straight,  gaping, 
posterior  rounded,  usually  close  ;  umbones  apart,  eared  ;  valves  smooth, 
punctate-striate.or  radiately  ribbed  and  imbricated  ;  hinge-area  triangular, 
cartilage-pit  central ;  adductor  impression  lateral,  large,  double ;  pedal 
scars  two,  small.  LIMA,  Brug. 

Shell  irregular,  attached  by  the  umbo  of  the  right  valve  ;  valve  smooth  or 
plaited  ;  hinge-area  obscure  ;  cartilage  quite  internal ;  hinge-teeth  two  in 
each  valve  ;  adductor  scar  simple.  PLICATULA,  Lam. 

Genus  08TREA,  Linnaeus. 
Syst.  Nat.,  edit.  x.  696.     1758. 

Animal  with  the  mantle-margin  double  and  finely  fringed ;  the 
gills  are  nearly  equal,  united  posteriorly  to  each  other  and  the 
mantle-lobes,  forming  a  complete  branchial  chamber  ;  lips  plain ; 
palpi  triangular,  attached  ;  sexes  distinct. 

Jl.  0.  VIRGINIANA,  Lister.     Figs.  528,  529. 

Conch.,  t.  2QO,  f.  34.     1686. 

Ostrea  Virginica,  Gmel.     Syst.  Nat.,  3336.     1790. 
Ostrea  Canadensis,  Lam.     Anim.  sans  Vert.,  vii.  226.     1822. 

Shell  narrowly  elongated,  whitish,  thick-lamellar;  upper  valve 
rather  plane;  becoming  thick  with  age,  the  lower  beak  projecting 
and  with  an  inner  channel  transversely  channelled  ;  muscular  im- 
pression chestnut  or  violet-color. 

Varies  from  6-12  inches  in  length,  and  3-4  inches  in  breadth. 

Whole  Coast. 

This  is  the  common  edible  oyster  of  Chesapeake  bay;  it  is 
native  about  as  far  north  as  New  York,  where  it  is  replaced  by 
the  northern  species  0.  borealis.  It  is  also  found  on  the  New 


MARINE   MOLLUSCA   OP   THE    UNITED   STATES.  193 

England  coast  and  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  but  has  probably  been 
transplanted  to  these  localities.  The  lower  valve  is  sometimes 
ornamented  with  red  or  violet  rays. 

2.  0.  BOREALIS,  Lamarck.     Figs.  530,  531. 

Anim.  sans  Vert.,  vii.  220.     1822. 

Shell  rounded-ovate,  the  upper  valve  covered  with  membranous 
scales,  the  lower  valve  irregularly  spi^r-ribbed  and  foliaceous. 
Length  3  to  6  inches,  breadth  about  2  to  5  inches. 

New  England,  New  York. 

This  species  is  apparently  very  distinct  from  the  preceding ;  it 
is  smaller,  wider,  has  not  the  lengthened  beak  of  the  lower  valve 
of  Virginiana  and  the  surface  is  much  rougher.  It  is  very  closely 
allied  to  0.  edulis  of  Europe. 

3.  0.  TRIANGULARIS,  Holmes. 

Proc.  Elliott  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  29.     1856. 

Shell  subtriangular,  subequivalve,  subequilateral,  thick,  lami- 
nated ;  beaks  produced,  acutely  pointed,  angular,  and  slightly 
curved  towards  each  other ;  margins  rounded  ;  cavity  of  the  shell 
circular ;  muscular  impression  very  large  in  proportion  to  the  size 
of  the  shell,  and  placed  near  the  margin  of  the  base. 

South  Carolina. 

Dr.  Holmes  states  that  this  shell  resembles  0.  edulis  of  Europe 
but  is  more  regular  in  form.  Its  large  muscular  impression, 
pointed  beaks,  and  triangular  shape  distinguish  it  from  that 
species.  I  am  riot  acquainted  with  this  shell. 

4.  O.  EQUESTRIS,  Say.     Figs.  532,  533. 

Am.  Conch.,  vi.  t.  58.     1834. 

Shell  small,  ovate-triangular,  more  or  less  folded  longitudinally; 
lateral  margins  near  the  hinge  with  from  six  to  twelve  denticu- 
lations  of  the  superior  valve  received  into  corresponding  cavities 
of  the  inferior  valve;  superior  valve  depressed,  but  slightly  folded  ; 
inferior  valve  convex,  attached  by  a  portion  of  its  surface,  the 
margins  elevated,  folds  unequal,  much  more  profound  than  those 
of  the  superior  valve ;  hinge  very  narrow,  and  curved  laterally 

and  abruptly. 

North  Carolina  to  West  Indies. 

13 


194  AMERICAN   MARINE    CONCHOLOGY. 

Doubtful  Species. 

0.  semicylindrica,  Say.  This  appears  to  be  an  immature  shell 
and  is  not  identified.  It  is  said  to  inhabit  the  coast  of  Georgia 
and  Florida,  imbedded  in  sponges. 

Genus  ANOMIA,  Linnaeus. 
Syst.  Nat.,  edit.  xii.  1150.     1767. 

Animal  with  the  mantle  open,  its  margins  with  a  short  double 
fringe  ;  lips  membranous,  elongated  ;  palpi  fixed,  striated  on  both 
sides  ;  gills  two  on  each  side,  united  posteriorly,  the  outer  laminae 
incomplete  and  free ;  foot  small,  cylindrical,  subsidiary  to  a 
lamellar  and  more  or  less  calcified  byssal  plug,  attached  to  the 
upper  valve  by  three  muscles  ;  adductor  muscle  behind  the  byssal 
muscles,  small,  composed  of  two  elements  ;  sexes  distinct ;  ovary 
extending  into  the  substance  of  the  lower  mantle-lobe. 

There  are  about  twenty  species  ;  distribution  principally  in  tem- 
perate seas,  from  low  water  to  100  fathoms. 

1.  A.  GLABRA,  Yerrill.     Fig.  534. 

Am.  Journ.  Sci.,  288.     April,  1872. 
A.  ephippium,  Gould.     Invert.  Mass.,  edit.  i.     1841. 
A.  electrica,  Gould.     Invert.,  edit.  ii.  205.     1870. 

Shell  orbicular,  or  distorted ;  surface  scaly,  lamellar,  and  easily 
impressed  by  contact  with  other  shells,  etc.;  upper  valve  very 
convex,  with  a  small  beak ;  lower  valve  smaller,  flat,  or  concave, 
with  a  circular  byssal  hole,  which  is  united  to  the  margin  by  a 
greater  or  less  fissure.  Polished,  and  varying  in  color  from  black 
through  red,  yellow,  and  ash  to  white ;  the  same  colors  internally, 
except  that  the  muscular  impression  is  opaque  white. 

Diameter  usually  about  1  inch. 

Cape  Cod,  Mass,  to  Florida. 

This  is  our  common  Anomia,  generally  known  as  A.  ephippium, 
but  it  appears  to  be  distinct  from  the  European  shell  bearing  that 
name. 

2.  A.  ACULEATA,  Gmelin.     Figs.  535,  536. 

Syst.  Nat.,  3346.    1790. 

Shell  small,  rounded  ;  upper  valve  with  fine,  prickly  scales  ar- 
ranged in  radiating  lines ;  lower  valve  smooth ;  yellowish  or 
whitish. 

Diameter  about  half  an  inch. 

Eastport,  Maine,  northwards. 


MARINE    MOLLUSOA   OF   THE   UNITED   STATES  195 

A.  SQUAMULA,  Linn.     Gould,  Invert.  Mass.,  edit.  2,  206.     1870. 

I  do  not  know  this  species  ;  it  does  not  appear,  from  the  de- 
scription, to  differ  from  A.  glabra. 

Genus  PECTEN,  0.  F.  Miiller. 
Zool.  Dan.  Prodr.,  p.  xxxi.     1776. 

Animal  with  the  mantle  quite  open,  its  margins  double,  the 
inner  pendant  like  a  curtain  finely  fringed  ;  at  its  base  a  row  of 
conspicuous  round,  black  eyes,  surrounded  by  tentacular  fila- 
ments; gills  exceedingly  delicate,  crescent-shaped,  quite  discon- 
nected posteriorly,  having  separate  excurrent  canals ;  lips  folia- 
ceous ;  palpi-truncated,  plain  outside,  striated  within  ;  foot  finger- 
like,  grooved,  byssiferous  in  the  young. 

Unlike  the  oyster,  this  is  an  active  animal,  having  the  power 
of  rapid  motion.  There  are  nearly  two  hundred  species;  of  world- 
wide distribution,  extending  to  200  fathoms  in  depth. 

1.  P.  MAGELLANICUS,  Gmelin.     Fig.  537. 

(Ostrea).     Syst.  Nat.,  3317.     1790. 
Pecten  tenuico status,  Mighels  &  Adams.     Bost.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.,  iv.  41, 

t.  4,  f.  7.     Bost.  Proc.,  i.  49.     1841. 
Pecten  fuscus,   Linsley.       Am.  Journ.  Sci.,  1st  ser.,  xlviii.  278.     1845 

(young). 
Pecten  brunneus,  Stimpson.    Shells  N.  E.,  8.     1851  (young). 

Shell  large,  orbicular,  inequivalve  ;  superior  valve  more  convex, 
dull -red,  with  very  numerous  radiating  striae  which  are  crossed 
by  minute  subscabrous  wrinkles;  inferior  valve  nearly  flat,  whitish, 
with  the  striae  less  distinct ;  beaks  purple  ;  white  within. 

Diameter  6-9  inches. 

New  England,  New  Jersey,  West  Indies  ? 

This  is  our  largest  species,  and  one  of  the  largest  in  the  genus. 
It  is  distinguished  by  the  absence  of  ribs,  the  surface  being  only 
marked  by  fine  striae.  Most  American  authors  have  adopted 
Mighels'  name  because  the  species  does  not  come  from  the  Straits 
of  Magellan  as  supposed  by  Gmelin ;  but  this  is  mere  supposition, 
and  I  think  it  is  preferable  to  retain  the  original  name.  It  has 
been  considered  a  northern  species,  but  in  the  collection  of  the 
Philadelphia  Academy  are  fine  specimens  dredged  alive  in  Raritan 
Bay,  also  specimens  from  "West  Indies." 


196  AMERICAN   MARINE   CONCHOLOGY. 

2.  P.  ISLANDICUS,  Miiller.     Fig.  538. 

(Ostrea.}    Zool.  Danica,  Prod.  No.  2990.     1776. 
Pecten  Pealii,  Conrad.     Am.  Mar.  Conch.,  t.  12,  f.  2.     1831. 

Shell  oblong,  orbicular,  slightly  oblique,  valves  nearly  equal. 
Surface  covered  with  numerous,  small,  scaly,  radiating  ribs  ;  ears 
unequal  in  size.  Yalves  closed  except  at  the  notch.  Color  light- 
orange  to  dark  reddish-brown,  frequently  zoned  or  blotched  on 
the  upper  valve,  lower  valve  lighter  in  color;  white  within,  except 
a  large  roseate  spot  near  the  beaks. 

Length  3.5  inches. 

New  England.     (Eur.) 

3.  P.  IRRADIANS,  Lamarck.     Fig.  539. 

Anim.  sans  Vert.,  vi.  Pecten  No.  37.     1819. 
P.  concentricus,  Say,  Journ.  Philad.  Acad.,  ii.  259.    1822. 

Shell  orbicular,  with  from  eighteen  to  twenty  elevated,  rounded 
ribs,. and  numerous  concentric  wrinkles;  inferior  valve  slightly 
ventricose  or  gibbous  towards  the  umbo ;  ears  large  and  nearly 
equal.  The  upper  valve  is  generally  brown  with  pale  zones,  and 
the  lower  valve  yellowish  or  whitish  with  pale  brown  zones. 
Diameter  2-3  inches. 

Whole  Coast. 

The  animal  of  the  "  scallop"  is  eaten,  and  is  comparable  in 
flavor  to  the  lobster.  The  species  is  particularly  numerous  and 
well-grown  on  the  shores  of  Long  Island  and  New  Jersey,  where 
the  young  shells,  on  a  clear  calm  day,  may  be  observed  skipping 
-along  to  a  considerable  distance  on  the  surface  of  the  water ;  the 
movement  being  accompanied  by  the  noise  occasioned  by  the  rapid 
closing  of  their  valves.  The  adults  are  not  active. 

4.  P.  DISLOCATUS,  Say.    Fig.  540. 

Journ.  Philad.  Acad.,  ii.  260.     1824. 

Shell  suborbicular,  with  twenty  or  twent}M;wo  rounded  ribs,  and 
very  numerous  concentric  wrinkles ;  longitudinal  striae  none ; 
whitish  tinged  with  purple  or  yellow,  with  a  few  narrow,  trans- 
verse, interrupted  and  dislocated  sanguineous,  undulated  lines, 
rand  sometimes  five  or  six  pale-reddish,  almost  obsolete  spots 
-towards  the  margin  ;  ears  subequal. 
Diameter  1.5  inches. 

North  Carolina,  southwards. 


MARINE   MOLLUSCA    OF   THE    UNITED    STATES.  197 

5.  P.  ORNATUS,  Lamarck.     Fig.  541. 

Anim.  sans  Vert.,  vi.  176.     1819. 

Subequivalve,  depressed,  inequilateral,  oblique,  ribs  thirty  to 
thirty-six,  alternately  smaller  and  subscabrous ;  one  ear  minute, 
yellow  ochraceous  or  white  profusely  blotched  with  angular  red 
markings. 

Length  1  inch,  width  20  mill. 

North  Carolina,  southwards. 

6.  P.  NODOSUS,  Linnaeus.     Fig.  542. 

(Ostrea.)    Syst.  Nat.,  edit.  xii.  1145.     1767. 

Shell  with  nine  thick  rounded  ribs,  and  strong  radiating  striae ; 
ribs  with  large  hollow  vesicles..  Reddish-brown,  orange,  or  white. 

Diameter  2-5  inches. 

North  Carolina,  southwards. 

P.  PUSTULOSUS,  Yerrill,  Araer.  Journ.   Sci.,  v.  14.     1873.    "  St. 

George's  Banks." 

This  is  probably,  from  its  small  size,  an  immature  shell.  It  has 
not  been  figured,  and  besides,  is  extra-limital. 

Genus  LIMA,  Bruguiere. 
Encyc.  Meth.,  t.  20,  f.  6.     1792. 

The  animal  has  double  man  tie- margins,  the  inner  pendent, 
fringed  with  long  tentacular  filaments,  ocelli  inconspicuous ;  foot 
finger-like,  grooved ;  lips  with  tentacular  filaments,  palpi  small, 
striated  inside ;  gills  equal  on  each  side,  distinct. 

The  Limas  are  either  free  or  spin  a  byssus;  some  make  an 
artificial  burrow  when  adult,  by  spinning  together  sand  or  coral 
fragments  and  shells.  The  valves  are  always  white.  About 
twenty  species  are  known. 

1.  L.  SCABRA,  Dillwyn.     Fig.  543. 

Eecent  Shells,  271.     1815. 
Ostrea  glacialis,  Gmelin  (pars),  Syst.  Nat. 

Shell  oval,  subequilateral,  with  numerous  subscabrous  striae; 
margin  entire. 

Length  2.25,  width  1.5  inches. 

Southern  Coast.     West  Indies. 

2.  L.  SQUAMOSA,  Lamarck.     Fig.  544. 

Anam.  sans  Vert.,  vi.  sp.  2.     1819. 

Shell  ovate,  inequilateral,  with  strong,  scaly  ribs ;  hinge  oblique  \ 
margin  plicated. 

Length  1.5,  width  1  inch. 

Southern  Coast  to  West  Indies. 


198  AMERICAN    MARINE    CONCHOLOGY. 

3.  L.  SULCULUS,  Leach.     Figs.  545,  546. 

Forbes  and  Hanley,  Brit.  Moll.,  t.  53,  f.  4,  5. 

This  beautiful  little  European  species  has  been  found  at  Sable 
Island,  and  will  possibly  be  detected  in  our  northern  waters. 

Genus  PLICATTTLA,  Lamarck. 
Syst.  An.,  132.     1801. 

1.  P.  RAMOSA,  Lamarck.     Fig.  541. 

Anim.  sans  Vert.,  vi.  6.     1819. 

Shell  oblong-triangular,  very  stout  and  solid,  with  numerous 
large,  ramified  folds.     White,  with  ferruginous  markings. 
Length  1  inch. 

North  Carolina,  southwards. 

CLASS  BRACHIOPODA. 

Animals  provided  with  a  shelly  covering  composed  of  two 
valves,  each  of  which  is  bilaterally  symmetrical,  and  to  which  it 
is  organically  attached  by  three  principal  pairs  of  muscles.  Soft 
parts  also  bilaterally  symmetrical,  consisting  essentially  of  a 
mantle  composed  of  two  lobes,  to  which  the  valves  correspond,  of 
which  lobes  the  outer  edges  are  disunited  throughout  the  greater 
part,  or  the  whole  of  their  extent ;  a  disk  and  membrane,  variously 
modified  in  form,  with  its  edges  fringed  with  a  series  of  tubular 
brachia;  the  mouth  situated  within  this  disk  at  its  posterior 
portion.  Respiration  performed  by  direct  contact  of  sea-water 
with  the  vascular  tissues  of  the  brachia  and  mantle  lobes  ;  dioecious 
in  all  the  genera?  reproducing  by  ova  only. 

Family  TEREBRATULIDJE. 

Shell  rounded  or  oval ;  larger  valve  prominently  beaked,  smaller 
one  provided  internally  with  a  shelly  loop  to  which  the  brachia 
are  attached.  Valves  articulated  by  two  teeth  in  one  valve 
received  into  sockets  in  the  other. 


MARINE   MOLLUSCA   OP   THE   IGNITED    STATES.  199 

Genus  TEREBRATULINA,  Orb. 
Comp.  Rend.,  xxv.  268.     1847. 

1.  T.  SEPTENTRIONALIS,  Couthouy.     Figs.  548,  549. 

(Terebratula.)    Bost.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.,  ii.  65,  t.  3,  f.  18. 

Terebratula  caput-serpentis,  Gould  (non  Auct),  Invert.  Mass.,  edit.  i.  141. 
1841. 

Shell  obovate,  whitish  or  yellowish-white,  thin,  translucent;  upper 
valve  truncated  horizontally  at  the  apex ;  foramen  large,  one  side 
completed  by  the  apex  of  the  lower  valve;  surface  covered  by 
minute  radiating  striae. 

Length  15,  width  12  mill. 

Maine,  northwards. 

Family  RHYNCHONELLID^]. 

Shell  with  radiating  ribs,  the  arm  supports  long,  slender,  simple, 
and  gently  curving  towards  each  other ;  no  area ;  the  opening  for 
the  pedicle  usually  completed  by  two  small  pieces ;  animal  with 
elongated  spiral  arms. 

Genus  RHYNCHONELLA,  Fischer. 
Mem.  Soc.  Imp.,  Moscow,  ii.     1809. 

1.  R.  PSITTACEA,  Gmelin.     Fig.  550. 

(Anomia.)    Syst.  Nat,,  3348.     1790. 

Shell  subtriangular,  thin,  inflated,  brownish  or  greenish ;  beak 
produced   and   curved;    surface   radiately  finely   striated.      The 
internal  processes  consist  of  two  slender  curved  parallel  prongs 
proceeding  from  the  base  of  the  teeth  of  the  upper  valves. 
Length  12,  width  8  mill. 

Newfoundland,  northwards. 

Family  LINGULIDJ3. 

Shell  pedunculate,  peduncle  passing  between  the  valves ;  inar- 
ticulate, subequivalve  ;  brachia  unsupported  by  calcified  processes. 

Genus  GLOTTIDIA,  Dall. 
Am.  Journ.  Conch.,  vi.  157.     1871. 

Shell  linguiform,  smooth,  elongated  ;  neural  valve  furnished 
internally  with  two  sharp  narrow  incurved  laminae,  diverging  from 


200  AMERICAN    MARINE   CONCHOLOGF. 

the  beak  and  extending  about  one-third  the  length  of  the  shell ; 
haemal  valve  with  a  mesial  septum  of  about  the  same  length 
extending  forward  from  the  beak. 

1.  G.  PYRAMIDATA,  Stimpson.     Fig.  551. 

(Lingula  )    Am.  Journ.  Sci.,  xxix.  444.     1860. 

Shell  greenish-white,  ovate,  elongated,  convex ;  base  subtruncate ; 
surface  smooth  and  glossy  ;  incremental  lines  inconspicuous. 

Length  22,  width  9  mill. 

North  Carolina. 

The  mantle  has  well-developed  marginal  setae,  those  on  either 
side,  at  the  extremity  longer  than  the  rest,  equalling  in  length 
one-third  the  width  of  the  shell.  There  are  two  black  spots  on 
the  margin  of  the  mantle  at  the  extremity.  Peduncle,  thick, 
muscular,  hyaline  with  an  opaque  axis,  three  times  the  length  of 
the  shell. 

This  species  has  been  found,  so  far,  unattached.  It  is  extremely 
active  in  its  motions  when  disturbed,  and  has  the  power,  as 
described  by  Mr.  Morse,  of  burrowing  in  and  travelling  over  the 
sand  by  contortions  of  the  peduncle  and  movements  of  the  setae. 
Furthermore,  the  soft  parts  secrete  a  mucus  to  which  grains  of 
sand  adhere,  forming  a  "  sandtube"  of  an  extremely  ephemeral 
nature,  which  sometimes  extends  over  part  of  the  valves. 


GENERIC  INDEX. 


Abra,  Leach  ..................  154 

Aclis,  Lov6n  ..................     68 

Acus,  Humph  .................     44 


Cyprina,  Lam 162 

Cyrtodaria,  Dand 138 

Cyrtopleura,  Tryon 126 

Dactylina,  Gray 126 

^Bolis,  Cuv 113  i  Dendronotus,  A.  and  H 112 

Aldena,  Allm 117  :  Dentalium,  Linn 96 


Adeorbis,  S.  Wood 
Admete,  Kroyer 


90 


Amauropsis,  Morch, 

Amphidesma,  Lam 170 

Ancula,  Lov Ill 

Anomia,  Linn 194 

Aporrhais,  Dillw 17 

Area,  Linn 178 

Architectonica,  Bolt 81 


Arrhoges,  Gabb 18  I  Dosinia,  Scopoli 


Diacria,  Gray 120 

Diaphana,  Brown 104 

Diplothyra,  Tryon 128 

Dolium,  Lam 43 

Donax,  Linn 153 

Doridella,  Ver 110 

Doris,  L 108 


Astarte,  Sowb 163 

Avicula,  Brug 191 

Bittium,  Leach 71 

Bela,  Leach 48 

Buccinum,  Linn 19,  28 

Bulbus,  Brown 60 

Bulla,  Klein 107  i  Ervilia,  Turton 

Busycon,  Bolt 22    Eulima,  Risso . 


Caecum,  Flem 75 

Calliopsea,  Orb 46 

Callista,  Poli 160 


161 

Dotp,  Oken 112 

Dreissena,  Van  Bened 190 

Drillia,  Gray 48 

Elysia,  Risso 118 

Elysiella,  Verrill 118 

Ensis,  Schum 142 

156 

169 


Eupleura,  Stimp 20 


Fasciolaria,  Lam 20 

Ficus,  Klein 24 


Cancellaria,  Lam 21    Fissurella,  Bruc 191 

Cardita,  Bruc 166    Flabellina,  Cuv 114 


Carditamera,  Coni 167 

Cardium,  Linn 173 

Cassis,  Lam 42 

Cavolina,  Gioeni 120 

Cemoria,  Leach 92 

Cerithiopsis,  F.  and  H 44 

Cerithium,  Adans 71 

Ceronia,  Gray 156 

Chama,  Linn 177 

Chione,  Muhlf. 159 

Chione,  Pallas 122 

Chiton,  Linn 97 

Cirrhoteuthis,  Eschr 8 

Clio,  Browne 120 

Clcelia,  Lov 117 

Cochliolepis,  Stm 86 

Columbella,  Lam 37 

Corbula,  Brug 141 

Crenella,  Brown 188 

Crepidula,  Lam 

Crucibulum,  Schum 93 

Cryptodon,  Turton 170 

Cumingia,  Sowb 1 55 

.  166 


Cyclocardia;  Conr. 

Cylichna,  Lov 102 


Fulgur,  Mont 23 

Fusus,  19,  20,  Brug 24 

Gastranella,  Verrill 153 

Gemma,  Desh 159 


Gitocentrum,  Tryon •  126 

Glottidia,  Ball 199 

Gouldia,  Ad 165 

Hermsea,  Lov 117 

Janthina,  Bolt. 91 

Kellia,  Turton 171 

Laevicardium,  Swn 175 

Lacuna,  Turton 81 

Leachia,  Lesueur 9 

Leda,  Schum 181 

Lepton,  Turton •  172 

Lima,  Brug 1 

Limacina,  Cuv 121 

Limapontia,  Forbes 119 

Lithodomus,  Cuv 188 

Littorina,  Fer 79 

Loligo,  Lam 10,  13 


202 


GENERIC   INDEX. 


Loligopsis,  Lam 9 

Lucina,  Brug 168 

Lunatia,  Gray 59 

Lyonsia,  Turton —  ,  134 

Macoma,  Leach 151 

Mactra,  Linn 144 

Mamma,  Klein 60 

Mangelia,  Risso 51 

Margarita,  Leach 87 

Marginella,  Lam 53 

Marsenina,   Gray 62 

Martesia,  Leach 127 

Menestho,  Moll 69 

Mercenaria,  Schuni 158 

Mitra,  Humph 53 

Modiola,  Larn 186 

Montacuta,  Turton 172 

Murex,  Linn 19 

Mya,  Linn 140 

Mysia,  Leach 170 

Mytilus,  Linn 185 

Nassa,  Mart 32 

Natica,  Aclanson 58 

Nesera,  Gray 141 

JSTeverita,  Risso 60 

Nucula,  Lam 180 

Obeliscus,  Humph 64 

Octopus,  Cuvier 8 

Odostomia,  Flein. 66 

Oliva,  Brug 45 

Ominastrephes,  Orb 11 

Ony chia,  Lesueur 11 

Onychoteuthis,  Licht 10 

Ostrea,  Linn 192 

Pandora,  Brug 135 

Panopasa,  Menard 137 

Patella,  Linn 94 

Pecten,  Mull 195 

Pectunculus,  Lam 180 

Pedicularia,  Swn 37 

Periploma,  Schum 133 

Petricola,  Lam 161 

Philine,  Ascan 105 

Pholas,  Linn 125 

Pinna,  Linn 191 

Pleuromeris,  Conr. 167 

Pleurotoma,  Lam 47 

Pleurotomella,  Yerrill 51 

Plicatula,  Lam 198 

Polycera,  Cuv Ill 

Porcellana,  Rumph 55 

Psyche,  Rang 121 

Ptychatractus,  Stimp 21 

Purpura,  Brug 36 

Pyrula,  Lam 23 


Raeta,  Gray 146 

Ranella,  Lam 20 

Rhynchonella,  Fischer 199 

Ringicula,  Desh 100 

Rissoa,  Frem 82 

Rissoella,  Gray 85 

Rocellaria,  Bellev 128 

Saxicava,  Bellevue 137 

Scalaria,  Lam 76 

Scaphander,  Mont 105 

Semele,  Schum 154 

Sepiola,  Rondelet 11, 14 

Serripes,  Beck 176 

Sigaretus,  Lain 61 

Siliqua,  Miihlf. 143 

Siliquaria,  Schum 143 

Skenea,  Flem 86 

Solemya,  Lam 138 

Solen,  Linn 142 

Spirialis,  E.  and  S 122 

Spirula,  Lam 15 

Strigilla,  Turton 151 

Strombus,  Linn 17 

Sty  lifer,  Brod 70 

Styliola,  Les 121 

Sycotypus,  Browne 22 

Tapes,  Muhlfeldt 161 

Tellidora,  Morch 153 

Tellina,  Linn 148 

Terebratulina,  Orb 199 

Teredo,  Linn » •  129 

Tergipes,  Cuv 116 

Thracia,  Leach 134 

Tornatella,  Lam 99 

Trichotropsis,  Brod.  and  Sowb.  22 

Triforis,  Desh 72 

Tritonium,  Fabr 28 

Trivia,  Gray 55 

Troplion,  Mont 27 

Turbo,  Linn 87 

Turbonille,  Risso 64 

Turritella,  Larn 73 

Turtonia,  Hanly 171 

Urosalpinx,  Stimp 19 

Utriculus,  Brown 103 

Velutina,  Blain 62 

Vermetus,  Adans 74 

Voluta,  Linn 53 

Volva,  Bolten 56 

Xylotrya,  Leach 132 

Yoldia,  Moll 183 

Zirphsea,  Leach 127 


REFERENCE  TO  PLATES. 


FIGURES.  PLATES.  SPECIES.  PAGE 

1  1  Octopus  rugosus,  Bosc 8 

1  Cirrhoteuthis  Mullen,  Eschr 8 

1  Loligopsis  pavo,  Lesueur 9 

4  1  Onychoteuthis  Banksii,  Leach 10 

5  2                                   Bartlingii,  Lesueur 10 

2  Onychiacardioptera,  P6ron 11 

7  2  Ommastrephea  sagittatus,  Lam 12 

8  2                                    Bartramii,  Lesueur 12 

9  3  Loligo  brevis,  Lam 13 

10-11  3                    punctata,  De  Kay H 

12  3                    Pealii,  Les 14 

13  4  Sepiola  Atlantica,  Orb 14 

14-15  4  Spirula  Peronii,  Lam 15 

16  4  Strombus  alatus,  Linn 17 

17  4  Murex  spinicostata,  Val 19 

18  5  Kanella  caudata,  Say 20 

19  5  Fasciolaria  gigantea,  Kien 20 

20  5                             tulipa,Linn 21 

21  6                             distans,  Lam 21 

22  4                             ligata,  M.  &A 21 

23  4  Cancellaria  reticulata,  Linn 21 

24  4                             viridula,  Fab 22 

25  4  Trichotropis  borealis,  Sowb 22 

26-27  5  Sycotypus  canaliculatus,  Linn 23 

28  5                          pyrum,  Dill  w 23 

29-30  5                          caricus,  Gmel 23 

31  6                                 "            " 23 

32  6  perversus,  Linn 

33  6  Ficus  papyraceus,  Say 24 

34  6  Fusus  Islandicus,  Gmel 25 

35  4                   pygmseus,  Gould 25 

36  6                   ventricosus,  Gray 25 

37  7                   tornatns,  Gould 26 

38  7                   decemcostatus,  Say 26 

39  4  Trophon  truncatus,  Strom 

40  6  seal  a  ri  form  is,  Gould 

41  6                        muricatus,  Mont 27 

42  6  Urosalpinx  cinereus.  Say 

43  7  Buccinum  Donovani,  Gray 

44  7                            ciliatum,  Fabr 29 

45  7                            undulatum,  M611 30 

46  7  Totteni,  Siimp 

47  7  Humphreysianum,  Bennett 

48-60  6  Nassa  obsoleta,  Say 

51  7  trivittata,  Say 

52-3  7  vibex,  Say 

54  7  acnta,Say 

55  7  unicincta,  Say 

56-7  8  Pnrpura  lapilluH,  Linn 

58  8                        Floridana,  Conr «w 

59  8  Columbella  avara,  Say 

gO  8  roeacea,  Gld 

61  8  lunata,  Say 

62  8  Wheatleyi,  DeKay 

63  8  dissimilis,  Stiiup 

64  8  similis,  Rav 

65-6  8                             mercatoria,  Linn « 

66a  8                            ornata,  Rav *£ 

67  8  Cassis  cameo,  Stimp ** 


204  REFERENCE    TO    PLATES. 

FIGURES.  PLATES.  SPECIES.  PAGE 

68  8        Cassis  granulosa,  Brug 43 

69  8        Dolium  galea,  Linn 43 

70  9                       perdix,  Linn 43 

71  8        Cerithiopsis  Emersonii,  Ad 44 

72  8                               terebralis,  Ad 44 

73  8        Acus  dislocatns,  Say 45 

74  9        Oliva  literata,  Lam 46 

75-6               8                    mutica,  Say 46 

77  8        Pleurotoma  bicarinata,  Conth 47 

78  8                              brunnea,  Perkins 47 

79  8                               cerina,  K.  &  S 48 

80  8        Bela  turricula,  Leach 48 

81  8                 harpularia,  Couth 49 

82  8                 pleurotomaria,  Couth 49 

83  8                 cancellata,  M.  &  A 49 

84  8                 trevelliana,  Turton. 50 

85  8                 violacea,  M.  &  A 50 

86  8        Mangelia  ffliformis,  Holmes 52 

87  9        Voluta  Junonia,  Chemn 53 

88  9        Mitra  granulosa,  Larn 53 

89  9        Marginella  guttata,  Dillw 53 

90  9                             roscida,  Redf 53 

91  3        Porcellana  exanthema,  Linn 55 

92  9        Trivia  quadripunctata,  Gray 55 

93  9        Volva  uniplicata,  Sowb 56 

94  9        Naticaafflnis,  (jmel 68 

55                 9                   pusilla,  Say 58 

96-9  10        Lunatia  heros,  Say 69 

100  9                       Grcenlandica,  Moll 59 

101  10        Neverita  duplicata,  Say 60 

302                 9        Mamma  immaculata  Totten 60 

103  9        Bulbus  Smithii,  Brown 60 

104  9-      Amauropsis  Islandica,  Gmel 61 

105  10        Sigaretus  perKpectivus,  Say 61 

106  10                        maculatus,  Say 61 

107  9        Marsenia  perspicua,  Linn 62 

108  9        Velutina  Izevigata,  Linn 62 

109  9                         zonata,  Old 62 

110  9        Obeliscus  crenulatus,  Holmes 64 

111  10       Turbonilla  interrupta,  Totten 64 

112  10                            nivea,  Stimp 64 

113  10                           elegans,  Verrill 65 

114  10        Odostomia  producta,  Ad 66 

115  10                            fusca,  Ad 66 

116  10                            dealbata,  Stimp 67 

117  10                            modesta,  Stimp 67 

118  10                            bisuturalis,  Say 67 

119  10                            trifida,  Totten 67 

120  10                           eemiduda,  Ad 68 

121  10                            impressa,  Say 68 

122  10        Aclis  polita,  Verrill 69 

123  10        Menestho  striatula  Couth 69 

124  10        Eulima  oleacea,  K.  &  S 69 

10        Apporhais  occidental!*,  Beck 18 

126  10     .  Cerithium  ferrugineum,  Say 71 

127  10        Bittium  nigrum,  Totten 71 

128  11                       Greenii,  Ad 72 

129  11        Triforis  nigrocinctus,  Ad 72 

130  11       Turritella  erosa,  Couth 73 

131  11                           reticulata,  M.  &  A 73 

132  11                           costulata,  M.  &  A 74 

133  11                           acicula,  Stimp 74 

134  11                           radicula,  Stimp 74 

135  11        Csscum  pulchellum,  Stimp 75 

136  11                       coetatum,  Verrill 76 

137  11        Scalarla  Nov-Auglije,  Couth 76 

138  11                        lineata,  Say 76 

139  11                        Grcenlandica,  Chemn 77 

140  11                       angulata,  Say 77 

141  11                        turbinata,  Conr 77 

142  11                       multistriata,  Say 77 

143  11                        borealis,  Beck 78 

144  11        Littorina  dilatata,  Orb 79 

145  11                          rudis,  Donov 79 

146  11                          tenebrosa,  Mont 79 

147  11                          litorea,  Linn 80 

148  11                          palliata,  Say 80 

149  11                         irrorata,  Say 80 


REFERENCE   TO    PLATES. 


205 


FIGURES. 

J50 

151 

152 

153 

154 

155 

156 

1.Y7 

158 

159 

160 

161 

162 

163 

164 

165 

166 

167 

168 

169 

170 

171 
172-8 

173 

174 

175 

176 

177 

178 

179 

180 

181 

182 

183 
184-5 

1S6 
187-9 

190 

191 

192 

193 

194 

195 

196 

197 

198 

199 

200 

201 

202 

203 

204 

205 

206 

207 

208 

209 
210-11 

212 

213 

214 

215 

216 

217 

218 

219 

220 

221 

222 

223 

224 

225 

226 

227 

228 

229 

230 

231 


PLATES . 
11 
11 
11 
11 
11 
11 
11 
11 
11 
11 
11 
11 
11 
11 
11 
11 
11 
11 
12 
12 
12 
12 
12 
12 
12 
12 
12 
12 
12 
12 
12 
12 
12 
12 
12  ' 
12 
12 
12 
12 
12 
12 
12 
12 
12 
12 
12 
12 
12 
12 
12 
12 
12 
13 
13 
13 
13 
13 
13 
13 
13 
13 
13 
13 
13 
13 
13 
13 
13 
13 
13 
13 
13 
13 
13 
13 
14 
13 
13 


SPECIES.  PAOR 

Arclntectonica  granulata,  Lam 81 

Lacuna  divaricata,  Fab si 

ueritoidea,  Gould 81 

Eissoa  rniuuta,  Totten 82 

latior,  Mirfhels  &  Ad 82 

robusta,  H.  C.  Lea 83 

inodesta,  H.  C.  Lea 83 

turricula,  H.  C.  Lea 83 

aculoiis,  Gould S3 

null tili neata,  Stimp 84 

Mighelsi,  Stimp 84 

exarata,  Stimp 84 

carinata,  M   &A 84 

Ise  vis,  De  Kay 85 

eburnea,  Stimp 86 

sulcosa,  Migh 86 

Skenea  planorbis,  Fab 86 

Cochliolepis  parasiticus,  Stftnp 86 

Turbo  crennlatus,  Gmel 87 

Margarita  occideutalis,  M.  &  A 88 

cinerea,  Couth 88 

obscura,  Couth „ 88 

varicosa,  M.  &  A 88 

minutissima,  Mighels fe9 

undulata,  Sowb 89 

belicina,  Fab 89 

campanulata,  Morse 89 

argentata,  Gould 89 

varicosa,  M.  &  A 88 

ornata,  De  Kay 90 

mulnlineata,  De  Kay 90 

Adeorbis  costulata,  Moll 90 

Janthina  fragilis,  Brug 

Fi^surella  altoruata.  Say 91 

Cemoria  Noachiua,  Linn 

Crucibulnm  suiatum,  Say 

Crepidula  fornicata,  Linn 

unguiformis,  Lam 

aculeafa    Gmel 94 

Patella  cieca,  Miiller 95 

testudinalis,  Miiller 95 

alveus,  Conr 95 

Dentalium  dentale,  Linn 

striolatum,  Stimp 96 

pliocenum,  T.  &  H 97 

Chiton  mendicarius,  M.  &  A 97 

apiculatus,  Say 

cinereus,  Linn 

marinoreus,  Fab 

albus,  Mont 98 

Emersonii,  Couth 

ruber,  Lowe 

Tornatella  puucto-striata,  Ad 1 

Bulla  solitaria,  Say 1 

occulia,  M.  &A 102 

CylicLna  alba,  Brown 1"2 

oryza,  Totten 1 

Utiiculus  Gouldii,  Couth 1 

canaliculatus,  Say 1 

biplicatus,  H.  C.  Lea 1 

Diaphana  hiemalis,  Couth 1 

hyalinua,  Turton l 

Scaphander  puncto-stiatus,  M.  &  A 1 

Philine  sinuata,  Stm 1 

quadrata,  8.  Wood * 

lineolata,  Couth 1°» 

Doris  bilarnellata   Liun * 

tenella,  Agass } 

aspera,  A   &H 

tuberculata,  Cuv ] 

repanda.  A.  &  H J«| 

grista,  Stimp... JJjj 

Polycera  Less'onii,  Orb 1 

Ancnla  sulpburea,  Stimp JJ* 

Dendronotus  arbore>cens,  Mull "* 

robtistus,  Verriil j'2 

Doto  coronata,  Gmel J 


206 


REFERENCE   TO   PLATES. 


FIGCRES.  PLATES.  SPECIES.  PAGE 

v   232  13        ^olis  papillosa,  Linn 113 

233  13                    salmonacea,  Cou-h 113 

234  13        Flabellina  Bostoniensis,  Couth 114 

i>35  13                              rufibranchialis,  Johnst 114 

236  13                              pilata,  Gld 114 

237  13                             stellata,  Stimp 114 

238  13                              picta,  A.  &  H 115 

239  13                             diversa,  Couth 115 

240  14        Tergipes  despecta,  Johnst 116 

241  14                         gymuota,  Couth 116 

241a  14        Calliopsea  fuscata,  Gld 116 

242  14        Hermsea  cruciata,  Agass 117 

243  14        AlderiaHarvardiensis,  Agass 117 

244  14        Clcelia  fuscata,  Gld 117 

245  14                     remigata,  Gld 117 

246  14        Elysia  chlorotica,  Agass US 

247  14        Elysiella  catulus,  Agass 118 

248  14        Cavolina  'tridentata,  Gmel 120 

249  14        Diacria  trispinosa,  Les 120 

250  14        Clio  pyramidata,  Linn 120 

251  14        Styliola  vitrea,  Verrill 121 

252  14        Psyche  globulosa,  Rang 121 

253  14        Limacina  helicina,  Gmel 121 

2.34  14        Spirialis  Gouldii,  Stm 122 

255  14                         Alexandri,  Verrill 122 

256  14        Clione  limacina,  Phipps 122 

257-9  15        Pholas  costata,  Linn 125 

260-1  16                      truncata,  Say 126 

262-3  16        Dactylina  Campechensis,  Gmel 126 

264-6  16        Zirphsea  crispata,  Linn 1'27 

267-S  17        Martesia  cuneiformis,  Say 127 

269  17         Diplothyra  Srnithii,  Tryon 128 

270  17        Kocellaria  ovata,  Sowb 128 

271  17                              Stimpsonii,  Tryon 128 

272-4  17        Teredo  dilatata,  Stm 129 

275-?0  17                       navalis,  Linn 130 

2S1-3  17                      megotara,  Hanley 130 

284-6  17                      Thomsonii,  Tryon 131 

287-91  IS                      Norvagica,  Speugl 130 

292-4  18                      chlorotica,  Gld 131 

29-3-7  18        Xylotrya  fimbriata,  Jeff 132 

'298  18        Periploma  papyracea,  Say 133 

29;>-:-!00  18        Siliqua  costata,  Say 143 

301  19        Lyonsia  hyalina,  Conr 134 

302  18                        areuosa,  Mull 134 

303  18        Thracia  myops-is,  Beck 135 

304  18                         trui>cata,  M.  &  A , 135 

305-7  18        Pandora  trilineata,  Say 136 

308-9  19        Thracia  Conradi,  Couth 134 

310-13  19        Saxicava  arctica,  Linn 137 

314-15  19&20    Panopsea  Norvegica.  Speng 137 

31*5-17  20        Cyrtodaria  siiiqua,  Chemn 138 

318  20        Solemya  borealis   Totten 139 

319  20                        velum,  Say 139 

320-25  20  &  22    Mya  truncata   Linn 140 

321  21  Panopaa  bitruncata,  Coiir 138 

322-4  21  Mya  areuaria,  Linn 140 

325  22  truncata,  Linn 140 

326-7  22  Corbula  contracta,  Say 141 

328  22  Neasra  pellucida,  Stimp 141 

329-30  22  Soleu  viridis,  Say 142 

3tt  22        Ensis  Americanus,  Gould 142 

332  22        Siliquaria  gibba,  Spengl 143 

333  22                           divisa,  Spengl 143 

334  22       Siliqua  costata,  Say 143 

335  23                      divisa,  Spengl 143 

336-7  23        Mactra  solidissima,  Chemn 144 

338-9  23                      lateralis,  Say 145 

340-1  24                      ovalis,  Gould 145 

342  24                      fragilis,  Chemn 145 

343  25        Raeta  canaliculata,  Say 146 

344  25                   lineata,  Say 146 

345  25        Tellina  alternata,  Say 148 

346-8  24                       polita,  Say 148 

349  24  tenera,  Say 148 

350-1  25  tenta,  Say 149 

352-3  25  modesta,  Verrill 149 

354  26                      iris,  Say .149 


REFERENCE    TO   PLATES. 


207 


FIGURES.  PLATES.  SPECIES.  PAOB 

355-7  26  Tellina  brevifrons,  Say 149 

358-9  25                      decora,  Say l.V) 

860  26                      lusoria,  Say 1.10 

361  26                      versicolor,  Cozzens 150 

362-3  26  Strigilla  carnaria,  Linn 151 

364-5  26                      flexuosa,  Say 151 

366  26  mera,  Say 151 

367  26  Macoma  balthica,  Linn 151 

3f>8  26                       calcarea,  Cheran 152 

369  26  subrosea,  Conr 152 

370  26  tenuis,  Da  Costa 152 

371-3  26  Tellidora  lunulata,  Holmes 153 

374-5  26  Gastranella  tumida,  Verrill 153 

376-7  27  Donax  fossor,  S*y 153 

378-9  27                     variabilis,  Say 154 

3SO-1  27  Abra  sequalis,  Say 154 

382  27  Semele  orbiculata,  Say 154 

3S3  27                      radiata,Say 154 

384  27  Cumicgia  tellinoides,  Conr 155 

385-6  27  Ceronia  arctata,  Conr 156 

387  27                   deaurata,  Turt 116 

3SS-90  27-28  Mercenaria  mercenaria,  Dinn 158 

391-2  27-28                          mortoni,  Conr 158 

393  28  Gemma  gemma,  Totten 159 

394  28  Manhattens-is,  Prime 159 

395  29  Chione  cingenda,  Dillw 1">9 

396  29  Callista  gigantea,  Cheinn 1«0 

397  29  maculata,  Linn ItiO 

398  29  Sayana.  Conr 160 

399  30  Dosinia  discus,  Reeve 161 

2g  I  Tapes  fluctuosa,  Gould 161 

402-3  30  Petricola  pholadiformis,  Lam 162 

ijjj  Cyprina  Islandica,  Linn 162 

407  30  Astarte  borealis,  Chemn 163 

408-10  30                      castanea,  Say 1 

411  30                      compressa ,  Mont 1 

412-15  31                      depressa,  Brown 1 

416-17  31                      quadrans,  Gld 1 

418  32                      lutea,  Perkins 165 

419-20  32                      sulcata,  Da  Costa 1 

421  32  Gouldia  mactracia,  Linn 1 

422  32  Carditaborealip,  Conr 1 

423  32  Novaugliaj,  Morse 1 

421-5  32                      tridentata,  Say 167 

426  32  Lucina  filosa,  Stm ] 

dentata,  Wood 1"9 

428  33  tigerina,  Linn j 

429  32  edentula,  Linn |°» 

430  32  Cryptodon  Gouldii,  Phil »W 

431  32  obesu,  Verril «« 

432  32  Kellia  planulata,  Stm «j 

433-35  32                    suborbicularis,  Montague "I 

436-7  33  PeriplomaLeana  Conr l-« 

438-9  33  Turtonia  nitida,  Verrill «* 

440  33  Montacuta  elevata,  Stm **J 

441  33  Gouldi,  Thomson |7* 

442-4  33  Lepton  fabagella,  Conr • *™ 

445  34  Cardium  isocardia,  Linn :}'•* 

446-7  33                        muricatum,  Linn *'* 

448  33  elegantulum,  Beck «J 

449  35  maguuro,  Born «* 

450  33  pinnulatnm,  Conr *«* 

451_2  34                        Iblaudicum,  Linn fj> 

34  Lffivicardiumserraiurn,Linn "• 

A^J  Mortoni,  Conr "g 

458  34  Serripes  Groenlaudicus,  Chemn 178 

459-62-3  35  Chama  arcinella   Linn 

460  35  macrophylla,  Chemn "' 

461  35  Lepton  lepidum,  Beck 

464  36  Area  now,  Linn... •  1?g 

465  36  trausversa,  Say 179 

466  36  pexata,Say. •  ,7g 

467-8  36                 ponderosa,  Say 17S 

469  36                 lienosa,  Say 


208 


REFERENCE  TO  PLATES. 


FIGURES. 

PLATES. 

470 

37 

471 

37 

472 

37 

473 

37 

474-6 

37 

477 

38 

478 

38 

479-80 

38 

481-2 

38 

483-4 

38 

485-7 

38 

4S8-9 

38 

490-1 

38 

492-3 

38 

494-5 

38 

496 

38 

497 

38 

498 

38 

499 

38 

500-1 

38 

502-3 

38 

504 

38 

505-7 

38 

508 

39 

509 

39 

510-11 

39 

512 

39 

513 

40 

514 

40 

515 

40 

516 

40 

517-19 

40 

520-21 

40 

522 

40 

523 

40 

524 

40 

525 

40 

526 

41 

527 

41 

528-9 

41-42 

530-1 

42 

532-3 

42 

534 

43 

535-6 

43 

537 

44 

538 

43 

539 

44 

440 

43 

541 

43 

542 

43 

543 

43 

544 

44 

545-6 

44 

547 

44 

548-9 

44. 

550 

44 

551 

43 

SPECIES.  PAGE 

Area  Americana,  Gray 179 

Holmesii,  Kurtz 179 

incongrua,  Say 179 

Pectnnculus  peonaceus,  Lam ISO 

Myt'lus  edulis,  Linn 186 

"          "     186 

Wacula  tennis,  Mont 180 

proxhna,  Say ISO 

expauwa ,  Reeve 181 

iuflata,  Hancock 181 

delphinodonta,  Mighels 181 

Leda  tenuisulcata,  Couth 181 

Jacksonii,  Old 182 

minnta,  Fabr 182 

caudata,  Donov 182 

acuta,  Conr 182 

lirnatula,  Say 183 

sapotilla,  Gld 1 83 

myalis.  Couth 184 

obesa,  Stimp 184 

arctica,  Gray 184 

thraciseformis,  Storer 184 

cascoeusis,  Mighela 185 

Mytilus  exustns,  Linn 186 

hamatus,  Say 186 

Modiola  modiolus,  Linn 186 

plicatula,  Lam 187 

Carolinen^is,  Conr 187 

tulipa,  Linn 187 

Crenella  glandula,  Totten 1SS 

faba,  Fabr 1S9 

nigra,  King 189 

discors,  Linn 189 

corrugata,  Stimp 189 

lateralis,  Say 190 

Dreissena  leucophsata,  Conr 190 

Avicula  Atlantica,  Lam 191 

Pinna  seminnda,  Lam 191 

muricata,  Linn 191 

Ostrea  Virginiana,  Lister 192 

borealis,  Lam 193 

equestris,  Say 193 

Anomia  glabra,  Verrill 194 

aculeata,  Gmelin 194 

Pecten  Magellanicus  Gmel 195 

Islandicus,  Mull lf>6 

irradians,  Lam 196 

dislocatus,  Say 196 

ornatus,  Lam 197 

nodosus,  Linn 197 

Lima  scabra,  Dillw 197 

squamosa,  Lam.  197 

eulculus,  Leach 198 

Plicatula  ramosa,  Lam 198 

Terebratulina  septentrionalis.  Couth 199 

Rhynchonella  psittacea,  Gmel 199 

Glottidia  pyramidata,  Stimp 200 


THE  END. 


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